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Anatomy Vocab Ch 11
Anatomy Vocab Ch 11 Marieb
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cardiovascular system | transportation; blood transports oxygen, nutrients, cell wastes, hormones, many other substances |
| mediastinum | the middle cavity of the thorax |
| heart | size of a person't fist, hollow, cone-shaped weighing less than a pound |
| apex of the heart | lower left point directed toward the left hip, rests on diaphragm, 5th rib area |
| base of the heart | posterosuperior, where great vessels of the body emerge, points toward right shoulder and lies under second rib |
| pericardium | double walled sac containing the heart |
| fibrous pericardium | loose fitting superficial part of the pericardium; fibrous layer, anchors it to surrounding structures |
| serous pericardium | under the fibrous pericardium, has 2 layers, visceral and parietal |
| serous pericardium (parietal layer) | lines the interior of the fibrous pericardium; attaches to large arteries leaving the heart and continues over the heart |
| epicardium (visceral layer) | part of the heart wall; lubricated by serous fluid, produced by serous pericardial membrane |
| serous pericardial membrane | creates the fluid allowing the heart to beat easily, creating smooth layer |
| pericarditis | inflammation of the pericardium; causes layers to stick to each other, forming adheseions that interefere with heart movement |
| 3 layers of the heart wall | epicardium (outer), myocardium (middle), endocardium (inner) |
| myocardium | contains thick bundles of cardiac muscle, ringlike arrangements; reinforced by "skeleton of the heart" |
| endocardium | thin, glistening sheet of endothelium lining the heart chambers; continuous with linings of blood vessels leaving and entering the heart |
| 4 hollow chambers of the heart | 2 atria, 2 ventricles |
| atria | receiving chambers of the heart; depleted blood enters these for recycling |
| ventricles | discharging chambers of the heart (pumps) |
| right ventricle | most of the heart's anterior surface |
| left ventricle | forms the apex of the heart; thickest most muscular side of the heart |
| septum | divides the heart longitudinally, AKA interventricular septum or interatrial septum, depending on which chamber it separates |
| superior or inferior venae cavae | receive oxygen poor blood from the veins |
| pulmonary trunk | blood travels thru this from the venae cavae to become the pulmonary ateries |
| pulmonary arteries | carry blood to the lungs where oxygen is picked up and carbon dioxide is unloaded |
| pulmonary veins | oxygen-rich blood drains from the lungs and returns to the left side of the heart |
| pulmonary circulation | the process of blood leaving and returning to the heart |
| aorta | blood returned to the left side of the heart is pumped out of the heart into this; supplies all body tissues; largest artery of the body, the size of a garden hose |
| systemic circulation | second circuit of blood transfer, from the left side of the heart and back to the right; supplies oxygen and nutrient rich blood to body organs |
| valves of the heart | 4 - atrioventricular (AV), bicuspid (mitral), tricuspid, chordae tendineae |
| atrioventricular | prevent backflow into atria when ventricles contract; open during heart relaxation, closed when ventricles are contracting |
| bicuspid valve | has two flaps or cusps of endocardium |
| trisucpid valve | has three flaps or cusps of endocardium |
| chordae tendineae | tendinous chords anchoring flaps to the walls of ventricles in a closed position |
| semilunar valves | closed during heart relaxation and open when ventricles contract; respond to pressure in the heart |
| incompetent valve | forces heart to pump and repump the same blood, valve does not close properly and blood backflows |
| valvular stenosis | valve flaps become stiff, forcing heart to contract more vigorously |
| endocarditis | baterical infection of the endocardium |
| blood supply to the heart | right and left coronary arteries, encircle the heart |
| coronary sulcus (atrioventricular groove) | where the coronary arteries encircle the heart |
| coronary arteries and major branches | anterior interventricular and circumflex arteries on the left; posterior interventricual and marginal arteries on the right |
| cardiac veins | drain the myocardium of blood, emptying into coronary sinus |
| coronary sinus | the posterior of the heart, where the cardiac veins drain to |
| angina pectoris | crushing chest pain caused by deprivation of oxygen in the myocardium |
| infarction | ongoing depletion of oxygen in the myocardium |
| myocardial infarction | heart attack or coronary |
| intrinsic conduction system (nodal system) | built into heart tissue and sets basic rhythm of the heart; found nowhere else in the body |
| sinoatrial node (SA) | crescent-shaped node; most important in the conduction system of the heart; the pacemaker |
| atrioventricular node (AV) | conduction system of the heart |
| atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His) | conduction system of the heart |
| bundle branches | right and left, in the interventricular septum; conduction system of the heart |
| Purkinje fibers | spread within the muscles of the ventricle walls, conduct the nerve impulses of the heart |
| electrocardiography | procedure for mapping the electrical activity of the heart |
| heart block | the inability of the heart to receive correct impulses or depolarization waves through the AV node; parts of the heart beat out of unison |
| ischemia | lack of an adequate blood supply to the heart muscle |
| fibrillation | rapid uncoordinated shuddering of the heart |
| tachycardia | abnormal rapid heart rate |
| bradycardia | slower than normal heart rate |
| systole | contraction of the ventricles; written first |
| diastole | relaxation of the ventricles; written second |
| cardiac cycle | events of one complete heartbeat; mid to late diastole, ventricular systole, early diastole |
| P wave | first wave of the ECG, small, signals the depolarization of the artria before contraction |
| QRS complex | large wave (spike), resulting from depolarization of the ventricles, has complicated shape; precedes the contraction of the ventricle |
| T wave | results from currents flowing during reploarization of the ventricles (looks like relaxation on the ECG) |
| electrocardiogram (ECG) | healthy and typical, has 3 recognizable waves; P, QRS and T |
| heart sounds | first is caused by closing of the AV valves, second is when semilunar valves close at the end of systole |
| murmur | abnormal or unusual heart sounds |
| cardiac output (CO) | amount of blood pumped out by each side of the heart in 1 minute; the product of heart rate and stroke volume |
| heart rate (HR) | how many beats per minute |
| stroke volume (SV) | the amount of ventricular contraction measurement; about 2 ounces per heartbeat |
| neural controls (ANS) | determined by the autonomic nervous system, feeling panic or fright |
| parasympathtic nerves | relax the heart, give it time to rest during noncrisis times |
| increasing heart rate | epinephrine and thyroxine |
| congestive heart failure (CHF) | progressive condition reflecting weakening of the heart |
| pulmonary congestion | failure of the left heart causes backup in the right side of the heart, lungs become swollen with blood causing pulmonary edema |
| vascular system | the blood vessels |
| arteries | blood vessels leaving the heart |
| arterioles | small arteries that feed the capillary beds |
| capillary beds | area of the tissue that contains blood heavy capillaries; exchange area between blood and tissue cells; consists of true capillaries and vascular shunt |
| venules | blood from capillary beds are drained into these for transport thru veins back to the vena cavae and into the heart |
| tunica intima | the coat that lines the lumen or interior of vessles; thin layer of endothelium resting on basement membrane |
| tunica media | bulky middle coat; smooth muscle and elastic fibers or elastic laminae |
| tunica externa | outermost, composed of fibrous connective tissue, supports and protects the vessels |
| arteries | walls are much thicker than of veins; closer to heart, must be able to expand as blood is forced into them to travel to the rest of the body |
| veins | far from the heart, thinner walls; have valves that prevent backflow of blood; blood travels back to the heart |
| valves | prevent backflow of fluid, close when pressure is released |
| microcirculation | the flow of blood from an arteriole to a venule |
| vascular shunt | vessel that directly connects the arteriole and venule at opposite ends of capillary bed |
| true capillaries | branch off proximal end of vascular shunt and empty into postcapillary venule |
| precapillary sphincter | surround the root of each true capillary, acts as valve to regulate the flow of blood into the capillary |
| varicose veins | pooling of blood in the feet and legs produce inefficient venous return resulting in high pressure on the veins |
| thrombophlebitis | inflammation of a vein from a clot forming in vessel with poor circulation |
| pulmonary embolism | clot detachment, result of thrombophlebitis |
| coronary artery disease | filling of fatty calcified deposits in the arteries |
| intercellular clefts | gaps or areas of plasma membrane not joined by tight junctions |
| fenestrated capillaries | found where absorption is a priority; intestines, endocrine glands, kidneys |
| fenestra | oval pore or opening, covered by a delicate membrane, more permeable that other parts of plasma membrane |
| interstitial fluid (tissue fluid) | fluid that fills cell space |
| hypertension (primary or essential) | strains the heart and damages arteries, the silent killer; myocardium enlarges with strain |
| hypertension (high blood pressure) | pathological, a condition of sustained elevated arterial pressure of 140/90 or higher |
| circulatory shock | the blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally; due to blood loss |
| orthostatic hypotension | temporary low blood pressure and dizziness when rising |
| hypotension | blood pressure below 100; low blood pressure |
| kidneys and blood pressure | alters blood volume, allow amount of water leaving the body in the urine; release renin into the bood when pressure is low |
| angiotensin II | vasoconstrictor chemical released by the kidneys to stimulate the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone causing reabsorption of sodium, adjusting blood pressure |
| pressoreceptors (baroreceptors) | send warning signals that result in reflexive vasoconstriction, increasing or decreasing blood pressure |
| peripheral resistance | amount of friction the blood encounters as it flows through the blood vessels |
| BP | blood pressure |
| CO | cardiac output |
| blood pressure gradient | from high to low and low to high as blood travels throughout the body; highest in larger ateries, low or negative at the venae cavae |
| pressure (pulse) points | dorsalis pedis artery; posterior tibial artery; popliteal artery; femoral artery; radial artery; brachial artery; carotid artery; facial artery; temporal artery |
| pulse | expansion and recoil of an artery with the beat of the left ventricle |
| hepatic portal circulation | inferior/superior mesenteric vein; splenic vein; L gastric vein; hepatic portal vein |
| fetal circulation (umbilical cord) | umbilical vein and umbilical arteries |
| fetal circulation | ductus venosus; formen ovale; ductus arteriosus; ligamentum arteriosum |
| brain circulation | internal carotid arteries; anterior and middle cerebral arteries; vertebral arteries; basilar artery; posterior cerebral arteries; cerebral arterial circle; circle of Willis |
| veins draining into inferior vena cava | anterior and posterior tibial veins; fibular vein; popliteal vein; femoral vein; great saphenous veins; dorsal venous arch; common iliac vein; both gonadal veins; renal vein; hepatic portal vein; hepatic veins |
| veins draining into superior vena cava | radial ulnar veins; brachial vein; axillary vein; cephalic vein; basilic vein; median cubital vein; subclavian vein; external/internal jugular vein; vertebral vein; brachiocephalic vein |
| arterial branches of abdominal aorta | celiac trunk; L gastric; spenic; common hepatic; superior mesenteric; renal; gonadal; inferior mesenteric; common iliac; internal iliac ; external iliac; femoral; deep artery of the thigh; popliteal; anterior/posterior tibial; dorsalis pedis; arcuate |
| arterial branches of the aortic arch | brachiocephalic trunk; R common carotid; R subclavian; L common carotid; L internal carotid; L external carotid; L subclavian; vertebral; axilary; brachial; radia and ulnar |
| arterial branches of the thoracic aorta | intercostal arteries (ten pairs); bronchial arteries; esophageal arteries; phrenic arteries |
Created by:
erosok
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