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Chapter 4 - Marieb
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Epithelial tissue has what 5 characteristics? | polarity, specialized contacts, supported by connective tissue, avascular, but innervated, and regenerated constantly |
| What are the classifications of epithelium? | simple (one layer) and stratified (more than one layer) |
| What is the apical surface? | upper free surface exposed to body exterior or cavity |
| Name the 4 types of simple epithelia | Simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratified columnar |
| What type of epithelium is like floor tile and found in the air sacs of lungs and kidney glomerulus? | simple squamous epithelium |
| what kind of epithelium is found in the cubits of the kidney, the sweat and oil glands and ducts? | simple cuboidal epithelium |
| What epithelium is found in the digestive trace, bronchi and uterus? | Simple columnar epithelium |
| What epithelium is found int the trachea and upper respiratory tract? | pseudostratified epithelium |
| What epithelium is found in the lining of the esophagus, mouth, vagina and skin? | stratified squamous epithelium |
| What epithelium is found in the bladder and uterus? | Transitional epithelium |
| What kind of connective tissue packages the organs and surrounds capillaries? | areolar |
| What kind of connective tissue is found under the skin, around the kidneys, around the eyeballs, w/in the abdomen and in the breasts? | adipose |
| What kind of connective tissue is found in the lymph nodes, bone marrow and spleen | reticular |
| What kind of connective tissue attaches bone to bone and tendon to bone? | dense regular |
| What kind of connective tissue is found in the dermis, submucosa of the digestive tract, in the fibrous capsule of organs and joints? | dense irregular |
| What kind of connective tissue forms embryonic skeleton and costal cartilage? | hyaline cartilage |
| What kind of connective tissed form the external ear and epiglottis | elastic cartilage |
| What kind of connective tissue forms intervetebral discs, discs of the knee joints? | fibrocartilage |
| osseous | bone |
| blood | vessels |
| Name the five layers of the skin - deep to superficial | stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale, dermis |
| Name the 4 types of stratified epithelium | stratifies - squamous, columnar, cuboidal, transitional |
| Name the two types of glandular epithelium | exocrine and endocrine glands |
| Where do you find merocrine glands, what are they - what do they secrete? | forehead, upper lip - salt and water |
| Where do you find holocrine glands - where do you find them - what do they secrete? | armpit, groin; salt, water, sebaceous fluid, pieces of cells, and milk-like secretion - no odor |
| What is the difference between the endocrine and exocrine system | endocrine system diffuses directly into the bloodstream WITHOUT tubes and ducts; exocrine system has tubes and ducts; sebaceous glands. |
| what are the 3 characteristics of connective tissue | common origin, varying degree of vascularity and extracellular matrix |
| name three types of fibers | collagen, elastic and reticular |
| what type of fiber breaks before stretching is shiny and strong; attaches muscle to bone | collagen |
| what type of fiber stretches before breaking is yellowish and is found in the tip of the nose and ear? | elastic fibers |
| What type of fiber is net-like and found in the spleen | Reticular fibers |
| 'blasts' do what | produce something - osteoblasts produce bone |
| what kind of tissue is used to store energy | adipose |
| what kind of tissue is organized, makes up tendons and ligaments and is made up of collagen | regular tissue |
| what type of tissue is i the joint capsule and is fibrous - goes all directions | irregular |
| cartilage is made up of what? | protein/chondrin |
| what is an osteon | circular tubes that run through the bone |
| what is the liquid portion of the blood called | plasma |
| caries nerve impulse AWAY from the cell body | axon |
| carries impulse TOWARD the cell body | dendrite |
| what type of muscle tissue is involuntary, striated and intercalcated | cardiac |
| what type of muscle tissue is non-striated and lines the digestive tract and is involuntary | smooth |
| what type of muscle tissue is voluntary | skeletal |
| name three types of membranes | cutaneous, serous and mucous |
| membrane that opens to the outside | mucous |
| membrane that does not open to the outside | serous |
| Steps of Tissue Repair | Inflammation, swelling, redness, heat |
| Steps of Tissue regeneration | Inflammation, restore blood supply, fibrosis |
| what types of cells do not regenerate | neurons |
| name the three layers of the embryonic disc | ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm |
| endoderm | lining of digestive tract and respiratory tract |
| ectoderm | skin and nervous system |
| mesoderm | connective tissue, bone, tissue, organs |
| epidermis is made up of what kind of epi. | stratified squamous epithelium |
| keratinocyte | waterproofing - do we don't leak out |
| Langerhans' cells | macrophage |
| Merkel cells | sensitive to light touch |
| melanocyte | produce nelanin |
| 2 layers of dermis | papillary layer (20%) and reticular layer 80% |
| sudoriferous | sweat |
| three layers of the hair from deepest to superficial | medulla, cortex, cuticle |
| where is the arrector pili muscle found and to what is it attached | epidermis, hair follicle, it is involuntary |
| vellus | hair on head, women and children - fine |
| terminal | eyebrows, coarse |
| skin needs to be exposed to sunlight to create | vitamin D to synthesize calcium |
| whooping cough destroys what apparatus | ciliary escalator |
| chromatin is threadlike when | not involved in mitosis |
| chromosomes look .like what when they are involved in mitosis | scrunched up, compact |
| mRNA | transcription |
| tRNA | translation |
| rRNA | quality control |
| apoptosis | getting rid of old, unneeded cells |
| what kind of tissue is avascular, innervated | epithelial |
| Is bone or cartilage tissue more vasvular | bone |
| platelets help blood do what | clot |
| describe skeletal muscle | voluntary striated |
| describe smooth muscle | involuntary, non striated |
| describe cardiac muscle | involuntary, striated, intercalcated |
| tissue repair | HIFF - form hematoma, inflammation, formation of blood vessels, fibrosis (scar tissue) |
| epidermolysis bullosa | hereditary disorder - faulty synthesis if keratin, collagen |
| healing by first intention | simplest type of healing 0 edged of wound brought together by sutures to close surgical incision - only small granulations need to be formed |
| healing by second intention | wound edged remain separated, gap is bridged by large amounts of granulation tissue, the manner in which unattended wounds head. Healing slower than when edged brought together and larger scars form |
| keloid | abnormal proliferation of connective tissue during healing of skin wounds; results in large unsightly mass of scar tissue at the skin surface |
| sarcoma | cancer arising in the mesenchyme-derived tissues, that is , in connective tissues and muscle |
| What type of tissue us the cover lining and glandular issue of the body. | epithelial |
| what type of tissue has the functions of protection, absorption, excretion, filtration, secretion and sensory receptors? | epithelial |
| single later of cells, highly adapted for filtration and exchange of substances forms walls of air sacs of lings and lines blood vessels contributes to serosae as mesothelium and lines all hollow circulatory system organs as endothelium | simple squamous epithelium |
| commonly active in secretion and absorption found in glands and kidney tubules | simple cuboidal epithelium |
| specialized for secretion and absorption, consists of a single layer of tall columnar cells that exhibit microvilli and often goblet cells. lines most of the digestive tract | simple columnar epithelium |
| appears stratifies, ciliated variety, rich in goblet cells, lines most of the upper respirator passages | pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
| multi-layered, able to resist abrasion, lines the esophagus and vagina, keratinized variety forms the skin epidermis | stratified squamous epithelium |
| adaptation to stretch lines hollow urinary system organs | transitional epithelium |
| glands are classified on basis of site release and by cell classification - classify them | multicellular (holocrine or merocrine), unicellular (goblet) and exo or endocrine |
| goblet cells | unicellular glands that secrete mucus |
| most abundant tissue and widely distributed tissue of the body, function is to support, protect, bind, insulate, and transport | connective tissue |
| connective tissue exhibits | extracellular matrix ands cells |
| extracellular matrix consists of | ground substance and fibers - may be fluid-like or firm |
| chief cell type of connective tissue | fibroblast |
| three kinds of loose connective tissue | adipose, reticular, and areolar |
| two kinds of dense connective tissue | dense regular - tendons and dense irregular - dermis and organ capsules |
| branching cells that receive and transmit electrical impulses, involved in body regulation | neurons |
| elongated cells specialized to contract and cause movement | muscle tissue |
| cylindrical and striated cells | skeletal muscle |
| branched and striated cells | cardiac muscle |
| spindle shaped and lack striated cells | smooth muscle |
| the body's response to injury | inflammation |
| mesoderm | muscle and connective |
| ectoderm | nervous |
| avascular sheet of keratinized squamous epithelium | epidermis |
| where will you find these: keratinocytes, melaoncytes, Merkel cells? | epidermis |
| the strata of the skin from deep to superficial are: | basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum |
| which layer of skin is absent in thin skin - apparent only in hands and feet? | lucidum |
| composed of dense, irregular tissue - supplied w blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and hair follicles | dermis |
| epidermal ridged produce | fingerprints |
| exhibits dermal papillae and dermal ridges | papillary layer |
| connective tissue fibers are much more densely interwoven in what later | reticular layer |
| skin color reflect the amount of | pigment/melanin in the skin |
| skin appendages | hair, follicles, mails and glands |
| merocrine sweat glands | thermoregulation, salt solution upper lip |
| holocrine sweat glands | armpit and groin, salt and water and fatty substances no smell |
| sebaceous glands | produce sebum, empty into hair follicle, none on palms soles of feet |
| sebum | waterproofing |
| skin has 6 major functions | protection, body temp regulation, cutaneous sensation, metabolic functions, blood reservoir, excretion |
| most common skin disorders | infection |
| most common cause of skin cancer | exposure to UV |
| epidermis develops from | embryonic ectoderm |
| dermis develops from | embryonic mesoderm |
| skin color is determined by | amount of blood, pigments AND oxygenation level of blood |
| skin surface markings reflect points of tight dermal attachment called | tension lines |
| which epidermal cell is most numerous | keratinocytes |
| which cell function s as a part of the immune system | Langerhans' cells |
| sensations of touch and pressure are located in what layer of skin | dermis |
| papillary layer is not tough | true |
| are sensory receptors present in the epidermis | no |
| you can cut hair without pain because | the shaft of hair is made of dead cells |
| best suited for areas subject to friction | stratified squamous |
| propels substances across its surface | pseudostratified ciliated columnar |
| most suited for rapid diffusion | simple squamous |
| tubules of kidneys | simple cuboidal |
| stretches | transitional |
| lines the small and large intestines | simple columnar |
| what muscle is voluntary, cylindrical, many-nucleate, striated, and produces movement | skeletal muscle |
| what muscle is striated, branching, uninucleate, intercalcated, involuntary | cardiac muscle |
| what muscle is spindle-shaped, active during birth, is in the wall of the bladder and stomach, and arranged in sheets | smooth muscle |
| tissue | groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function |
| 4 kinds of tissue | connective, nervous, muscle, epithelial |
| functions of 4 kinds of tissue | covering, support, movement ad control (nervous) |
| do any organs contain all 4 types of tissue | yes, most do |
| what does it mean to fix a slide | preserve human tissue |
| why do you section tissue | you cut it in slices small enough for to transmit light or electrons |
| why do you stain tissue samples | to provide contrast to the image |
| what is an artifact of a structure (slide) | a minor distortion - an alteration from its original appearance |
| epithelial tissue | sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity |
| epithelial functions | protection, absorption, filtration, excretion. secretion. and sensory reception |
| basal lamina | found in epithelium, non-cellular, acts as a selective filter that determines which molecules get through from underlying connective tissue to enter epi. also acts as scaffolding so epi cells can migrate to wound repair |
| all epithelial sheets rest upon and are supported by what | connective tissue |
| epithelium has great apical-basal ____ | polarity |
| each epithelium is give two names. the first indicated the number of ____. the second describes the shape of the ___ | cells. cells. |
| the nucleus of the cell confirms to the shape of the | cell. so keep nuclear shape in mind when trying to identify tissue samples |
| simple epithelium | absorption, secretion and filtration because they consist of a single layer and are usu. very thin - not good at protection |
| simple squamous epithelium | looks like tile floor; good for rapid diffusion, kidneys, lungs |
| endothelium | inner covering lymphatic vessels and hollow organs of cardio sys |
| mesothelium | epi found is serous membrane lining ventral body cavity and its organs |
| simple cuboidal epithelium | as tall as wide, spherical nuclei, stained darkly, secretion and absorption |
| basal lamina | found in epithelium, non-cellular, acts as a selective filter that determines which molecules get through from underlying connective tissue to enter epi. also acts as scaffolding so epi cells can migrate to wound repair |
| all epithelial sheets rest upon and are supported by what | connective tissue |
| epithelium has great apical-basal ____ | polarity |
| each epithelium is give two names. the first indicated the number of ____. the second describes the shape of the ___ | cells. cells. |
| the nucleus of the cell confirms to the shape of the | cell. so keep nuclear shape in mind when trying to identify tissue samples |
| simple epithelium | absorption, secretion and filtration because they consist of a single layer and are usu. very thin - not good at protection |
| simple squamous epithelium | looks like tile floor; good for rapid diffusion, kidneys, lungs |
| endothelium | inner covering lymphatic vessels and hollow organs of cardio sys |
| mesothelium | epi found is serous membrane lining ventral body cavity and its organs |
| simple cuboidal epithelium | as tall as wide, spherical nuclei, stained darkly, secretion and absorption, ducts of glands and kidney tubules |
| simple columnar epithelium | soldiers in a row, lines digestive tract, absorption and secretion, goblet cells and microvilli, |
| pseudostratified columnar epithelium | only looks stratified - not - connected to basement membrane - secretes or absorbs, some ciliated |
| stratifies epithelium regenerated from which layer | basal layer - below |
| what is the most widespread of the stratified epithelial | stratified squamous epithelium |
| stratified squamous epithelium | skin and short openings of skin, keratinized |
| Is secretion and active or non-active process | active, usually water-based, containing proteins |
| exocrine glands secrete their product where | onto body surface or into body cavity,unicellular (goblet) by exocytosis and multicellular by the epithelium |
| only unicellular exocrine gland | goblet cell |
| goblet cell secretes what | mucin, which breaks down into water into mucus |
| secretes by exocytosis, sweat, pancreas, salivary | merocrine |
| accumulates products until it ruptures, gland secretions, plus dead cell frags | holocrine |
| what tissue is found everywhere in the body | connective |
| 4 classes of connective tissue | connective tissue, bone, cartilage and blood |
| major functions of connective tissue | binding and support protect, insulate, transport |
| all connective tissue arises from | mesenchyme (embryonic tissue) |
| connective tissue is mostly nonliving | extracellular matrix |
| three main elements of connective tissue | ground substance and fibers - may be fluid-like or firm and cells |
| what type of tissue is the prototype for all other types of connective tissues | areolar |
| ground substance | unstructured material that fills spaces between cell and contains fibers |
| white fibers, stronger than steel fibers, highly tensile,white fibers | collagen |
| skin, lungs, blood vessels walls, yellow fibers, stretch | elastic fibers |
| surround small blood vessels and support soft tissues of organs, fuzzy nets | reticular fibers |
| what kind of blast makes up these tissues: cartilage, blood, bone, connective tissue | hematopoietic stem cell, osteoblast, chondroblast, and fibroblast |
| dense connective tissues include | dense irregular, dense regular and elastic |
| areolar tissue | loose arrangement (loose connective tissue) |
| adipose tissue | chicken wire appearance - better storehouse for nutrients than areolar, richly vascularized, 18% of ave. person's weight |
| white fat | stores nutrients |
| brown fat | contains abundant mitochondria which use the lipid fuels t heat the bloodstream to warm the body rather than produce ATP |
| reticular fibers are found____, reticular tissue is found__ | throughout the body; spleen |
| how often do we sweat | continuously and unnoticeably at rest |
| pacinian corpuscles | deeper dermis or hypodermis - contact receptor - bumps, deep pressure |
| meissner and merkel | dermal papillae - light touch |
| _____ cannot be absorbed from the digestive tract without ____ | calcium; vitamin D |
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