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A&P Marieb Chapter 1
Human Anatomy & Physiology Marieb 8th Edition
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Spaces within joints. | Synovial cavities |
| Which term means toward or at the back of the body, behind? | Dorsal |
| Which of the following systems responds to environmental stimuli? | Nervous System |
| Which of these is NOT part of the dorsal cavity? Cranial Cavity, Thoracic Cavity, Spinal Cord, or Vertebral Cavity. | Thoracic Cavity |
| Which of the following would NOT be a functional characteristic of life? | Decay |
| Which of the following statements is true concerning feedback mechanisms? | Negative feedback mechanisms work to prevent sudden severe changes within the body. |
| Which of the following statements is the most correct regarding homeostatic imbalance? | It is considered the cause of most diseases. |
| Which of the following organs or structures would be found in the left iliac region? | Intestines |
| Which of the following imaging devices would best localize a tumor in a person's brain? | MRI |
| Which of the following describes the operation of the heart and blood vessels? | cardiovascular anatomy |
| What os the main, general purpose of negative feedback? | To maintain homeostasis |
| The study of the heart may incorporate many aspects of anatomy, but as a whole you would say it is ____anatomy. | Gross |
| The single most abundant chemical substance of the body, accounting for 60% to 80% of body weight, is __? | Water. |
| Subdivisions of anatomy include which of the following? | Gross, Regional, Systematic, and Surface |
| Place the following in correct sequence from simplest to most complex: 1. Molecules 2. atoms 3. tissues 4. cells 5. organ | 2-1-4-3-5 |
| One of the functional characteristics of life is irritability. This refers to ___. | Sensing changes in the environment and then reacting or responding to them. |
| Average body temperature is __ degrees in centigrade. | 37 |
| An increased rate of breathins as a result of an increased buildup of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream would be best described as an example of ____. | Excretion of metabolic waste |
| A structure that is composed of two or more tisseus would be an___. | organ |
| A good example of a positive feedback mechanism would be ___. | Enhancement of labor contractions |
| Match the regional/directional terms and examples: 1. The stomach is __ to the spine. 2. The upper arem is __ to the forearm. 3. The fingers are __ to the wrist. 4. The heart is __ to the stomach. 5. THe bridge of the nose is __ to the left eye. | 1. E: Anterior 2. C: Proximal 3. B: Distal 4. A: Superior 5. D: Medial |
| principle of complementarity | anatomy and physiology and inseparable |
| function always reflects ______ | structure |
| what a structure can do depends on its _____ | form |
| 6 levels of structural organization | chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism |
| chemical | atoms and molecules |
| cellular | cells and their organelles |
| tissue | groups of similar cells |
| organ | 2 or more types of tissues |
| organ system | organs that work closely together |
| organism | all organ systems |
| external body covering (hair, skin, nails) | integumentary system |
| protects and supports organs, provides framework for muscles | skeletal system |
| maintains posture, produces heat, motion and facial expressions | muscular system |
| control system for the body, activates muscles and glands | nervous system |
| glands secrete hormones to regulate cell processes | endocrine system |
| transports blood carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, etc; heart pumps blood | cardiovascular system |
| houses white blood cells, attacks foreign substances | lymphatic system |
| supplies blood with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide | respiratory system |
| breaks down food | digestive system |
| regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of blood, eliminates waste | urinary system |
| reproduction | male and female reproductive systems |
| the study of body FUNCTIONS( include chemical, microscopic, and gross) | physiology |
| atoms in the body | chemical level |
| molecules (dna) | cellular level |
| tissue | tissue level |
| serous membrane (outside), smooth muscle tissue layers (under serous), epithelial tissue. -stomach | organ level |
| digestive system ( esophagus, liver, stomach, pancreas, gallbladder, small/large intestine) | system level |
| person | organismal level |
| development of a cell from an unspecialized to specialized state | differentiation |
| characteritics of differentiation | cells have specialized structures and functions that differ from precursor cells, and stem cells give rise to cells that undergo differentiation |
| formation of new cells (growth, repair, or replacment) and production of a baby | reproduction |
| motion of the whole body | movement |
| increase in body size | growth |
| the breakdown of complex chemical sunstances into simpler components | catabolism |
| the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components | anabolism |
| body's ability to detect and respond to changes (decrease in bodytemp, respond to sound, nerves) | responsiveness |
| what are the necessary life functions? | maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness/irritability digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth |
| the series of regulated processes that maintains the body in a normal healthy state of equilibrium | homeostasis |
| what is homeostasis in terms of a limited range of internal conditions in which cells can operate | sodium levels in the intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid ` |
| skin and structures associated with it such as hair, glands,and nails. protects the body, regulates temp, detects senstaion, makes vitamin D | intugumentary system |
| bones and joints of the body and their associated cartilages. they support and protect the body, provides surface area for muscles | skeletal system |
| muscles composed of skeletal muscle tissue. produces body movements | muscular system |
| brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs (eyes/ears). generates action potentials to regulate body activites | nervous system |
| hormone producing glands and hormone producing cells in several other organs. regulates body activites by releasing hormones | endocrine system |
| blood, heart, and blood vessels. heart pumps blood thru blood vesels, blood carries Oxygen | CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM |
| organs of gastrointestinal tract (mouth, throat, liver, stomach, intestins) | digestive system |
| kidneys, urinary bladder, urethra. | urinary system |
| lymphatic fluid and vessels (spleen, thymus, lymph, nodes, and tonsils) returns proteins and fluid to blood. | lymphatic system |
| lungs/air passageways. transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood | respitory system |
| gonads and associated organs. | reproductive system |
| substances that cannot be split into smaller units by ordinary chemical reactions | chemical elements |
| what is matter composed of? | atoms, nucleus, protons, neutrons,and electrons |
| located in electron shells around nucelus. 1st shell- 2, 2nd shell- 8, 3rd shell-18, 4th-18` | electrons |
| number of protons in the nucleus which is also the number of electrons | atomic number |
| total number of protons and neutrons | mass number |
| different forms of an element that contain the same number of protons but different number of neutrons | isotopes |
| mass of neutrons +protons+electrons | atomic weight(atomic mass) |
| forms when atom gives up elections of gains elections. | ion |
| forms when two or more atoms share electrons | molecule |
| substance formed from different elements binding together that can be broken down into two or more different elements by ordinary chemical means | compound |
| form between a positive and negatively chaged ion | ionic bond |
| electron doners (+) | cations |
| elections takers (-) | anions |
| formed by atoms of molecules sharing 1, 2, or 3 pairs of valence electrons | covalent bonds |
| atoms share electrons equally | nonpolar bond |
| one atom attracts electons more strongly | polar bond |
| when new bonds are formed or existing bonds are broken between atoms | chemical reactions |
| mass of reactants= mass of products | |
| energy of reactants= energy of products (although, energy can be a different form) | law of conservation of mass |
| all chemical reactions in an organism | metabolism |
| capacity to do work | energy |
| energy stored by matter due to position | potential energy |
| energy stored by matter due to movement | kinetic energy |
| a type of potental energy found in chemical bonds | chemical energy |
| reaction between two or more molecules where more energy is released than utilizzed | exothermic reaction |
| in this reaction between two or more molecules, more energy is utilized than released. (energy required is often from ATP) | endothermic reaction |
| chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur | catalyst |
| in the body, what type of molecule serves the important role as catalysts for most chemical reactions? | enzymes |
| two or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form a new and larger molecule. an anabolic reaction (a +b >ab) | synthesis |
| a molecule is broken down into smaller parts. a catabolic reaction (ab >a+b) | decomposition |
| the replacement of an atom or atoms by another atom of atoms (ab+cd >ad+bc) | exchange reactions |
| end products can revert back to the original molecule (ab <> a+b) | reversible reactions |
| the most important inoganic compound | water! |
| dissolves the solute in a solution | solvent |
| contains polar covalent bonds and dissolves water | hydrophillic substance |
| contains nonpolar bonds and does not dissolve in water | hydophobic substance |
| breaks down large molecules into simpler ones by adding a molecule to water | hydolysis |
| occurs when two simple molecules join together, producing a water molecule in the process | dehydration |
| can absorb or release heat with limited change in its own temperature(water) | high heat capacity |
| requires a high temperature to change from liquid to gas(water) | high heat of vaporization |
| water is a major component of mucus and other lubricating substances | lubricant |
| a combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but are not bound by chemical bonds | mixture |
| a substance called solvent dissolves a substance called solute | solution |
| a type of mixture where particles are dispersed in solvent but large enough to scatter light | colloid |
| a type of mixture where particles may be dispersed for a while but eventually seperate from the solvent | suspension |
| amount of any substance that has a mass in grams equal to the sum of the atomic masses of all its atoms | mole |
| dissociates into one more more hydrogen atoms and one or more anions. a proton doner | acid |
| dissociates into one or more hydoxide ions (OH) and one or more cations. proton acceptor | base |
| dissociates into cations and anions, neither of which is H or OH. responsible for maintaining the levels of many important electrolytes in the body | salt |
| means of expressing the acidity or alkalinity of a solution | PH scale |
| negative logarithm of concentration of hydrogen in moles/L of solution. | PH |
| Ph less than 7 | acidic |
| ph more than 7 | basic |
| groups of chemical compoounds t hat can convert a strong acid or a strong base into a weak acid or a weak base. | buffer systems |
| usually contain C, H, and O. sometimes N, S, and P. | organic molecules |
| what are the major types of organic molecules? | carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
| glucose(blood), fructose(fruit), galactose(milk), deoxyribose(dna), ribose)rna) | monosacarides |
| sucrose(sugar-glu+fruc), lactose(milk-glu+galac), maltose(glu+glu) | disaccarides |
| the stored forms of carbs in animals(glycogen), plants(starch), and cellulose(plant cell walls) | polysaccharides |
| make up about 2-3% of the body, polar and hydrophillic | carbohydrates |
| 18-25% of body mass in lean adults. hydrophobic | lipids |
| most plentiful organic substance in body. | triglycerides |
| fatty acids that are necessary for good health but can not be made by human body. must be obtained thru food | essential fatty acids |
| carry cholersterol in the blood (LDLD=bad, HDL=good) | lipoproteins |
| formed by "hydrogenating" unsaturated fats | trans fat |
| very large organic molecules containing C, H, O, N, and P. basic units are nucleotides | nucleic acid |
| forms the genetic code in each cell. major molecule that forms a chromosome | deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
| several different forms that play key roles in protein synthesis | ribonucleic acid (RNA) |
| major component of ribosomes | rRNA |
| transfers the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein sysnthsis | mRNA |
| transports amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis | tRNA |
| how atp stores energy | atp+h20 (atpase)>adp +po4+ energy |
| adp+po4+energy (atp synthase)>atp+h20 | |
| channels in a cell for na, k, and cl | ion channels |
| provide special mechanisms for moving substances across the membrane (sodium-potassium pump) | transporters (carriers) |
| insulin receptor on cells | receptors |
| lactase on surface of simple columnar epithilial cells in small intestine digests lactose in milk | enzymes |
| hold adjacent cells together (epithilial cells, cardiac muscle cells) | linkers |
| MHC(major histocompatibility complex) or HLA (human leucocyte antigen) | cell identity markers |
| make up 12-18% of body mass, composed of amino acids, contain C,H,O,N and some S. | proteins |
| form covalent bonds between each other -specifically called a "peptide bond". 20 different ones. amino group/acidic carboxyl group/side chains. | amino acids |
| 2 amino acids bound together | dipeptide |
| 3 amino acids bound together | tripeptide |
| 4-9 amino acids bound together | peptide |
| 10 several thousand amino acids bound together | polypeptide |
| passive movement of a substance down its concentration gradient via transmembrane proteins that act as transorters | facilliated diffusion |
| transport in which cell expends energy to move a substance across the membrane against its concentration gradient through transmembrane proteins that act as transporters | active transport |
| the cell membrane is a fluid substance. the phospholipid molecules in the membrane bi-layers are in constant motion. the amount of cholesterol molecules within the cell membrane affect the fluidity- increased cholersterol makes the membrace less fluid | membrane fluidity |
| the ability to allow substances to pass through the membrane. cell membrane has selective permeability | membrace permeability |
| what can pass through the cell membrane? | non-polar, uncharged molecules such as fatty acids, small alcohols, and ammonia |
| what cant pass through the cell membrane? | larger, polar or charged molecules (with the exception of water) |
| the difference om the concentration of a substance from one location to another. | concentration gradient |
| movement of solute or solvent down their concentration gradients due to random mixing. can occur across a permeable membrane | diffusion |
| the net movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane | osmosis |
| factors that affect diffusion across the cell membrane | steepness of gradient, temp, size of diffusing particle, surface area for diffusion, diffusion distance |
Created by:
Melissa_marie_88
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