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Marieb Tissue
Chapter 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Simple squamous epithelium | easily diffused, single layer, secretes serosa, kidney, lungs, serosa (linings) |
| simple cuboidal epithelium | single layer sube-like cells, secretion and absorption, kidney tubules, ovary surface |
| simple columnar epithelium | single layer tall cells with round to oval nuclei, may contain goblet cells, digestive tract |
| pseudostratified columnar epithelium | single layer differing heights may contain goblet cells, trachea upper resp. |
| epithelium | avascular, but inervated |
| stratified squamous epithelium | thick membrane several layers - basal cells cuboidal or columnal, surface cells squamous - protects underlying tissues - eso, mouth |
| transitional epithelium | basal cells cuboidal or column, surface cells dome shaped or squamous - stretches readily to permit distension |
| areolar connective tissue | gel like matrix; composes basement membrane; wraps and cushions organs; phagocytes engulf bact; holds and conveys tissue fluids |
| adipose tissue | provides reserve fluid; insulates |
| reticular connective tissue | network of fibers form stroma (soft skeleton) that supports other cells |
| dense connective tissue | attaches bone to bone and muscle to bone |
| hyaline cartilage | firm matrix invaded with fibers; glassy and smooth; provides cushioning; found in larynx and costal cartilage |
| bone (osseous) tissue | hard matrix; provides lever upon which muscle may act |
| skeletal muscle | voluntary; locomotion; facial expression; cylindrical cells; multinucleate; striated |
| cardiac muscle | invol., branching, uninucleate, intercalcated |
| smooth muscle | invol.; spindle shaped w/central nuclei; cells arr. closely to form sheets; NO striations; bladder, stomach, active in birth |
| nervous cells | includes neuralglia; branching cells; conducts impulses |
| plasma membrane | bilayer of phospholipids interspersed w/protein molecules; transportation |
| tight junction | membrane junction like a pot weld keeps body fluids from mixing |
| desmosomes | membrane junction - filament, adhesion |
| gap junction | connexon; allows cytoplasm of one cell into another |
| diffusion | membrane transport - passive process; doesn't use energy; stops when EQ is reached |
| osmosis | diffusion of water through cell or plasma membrane; must have selectively permeable membrane and concentration gradient |
| isotonic | equal tension |
| facilitated diffusion | how all things except water diffuse - need concentration gradient and carrier molecule |
| active transport | need carrier molecule and will utilize energy (ATP) |
| endocytosis | engulf/surround certain cells (WBC surround viruses, digests and kills them) |
| phagocytosis | 'cell-eating- (WBC engulfs a solid particle) |
| pinocytosis | 'cell-drinking'; fluid-phase endocytosis - like digesting a drop of oil |
| exocytosis | cell eliminates indigestible materials |
| cytoplasm | includes cytosol (living liquid), organelles and inclusions (storage) |
| cytosol | living liquid of cell |
| inclusion | storage |
| mitochondria | powerhouse of the cell; anaerobic; resp. happens here |
| ribosome | protein synthesis |
| endoplasmic reticulum | double membrane structure containing rough Endo. Retic and smooth endo retic. |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum | cranks out ribosomes |
| smooth reticulum | holds lipids |
| Golgi apparatus | packaging plant - maintains inactive enzymes until they arrive at activation site |
| lysosomes | bag of INTRAcellular enzymes - never released to outside of cell - recycle cell parts (like WBC digest/kill bacterium) |
| Tay-Sachs | improper breakdown of lipids |
| Peroxisomes | organelle that breaks down free radicals (reactive forms of O2)Converts free rads to peroxide |
| cytoskeleton | cell skeleton w/microfilaments, intermed. fila. and microtubules which contract and relax to stir and mix cytoplasm |
| cilia | hairlike projections |
| flagella | projections formed by centrioles |
| nucleus | control center |
| RBC | anucleate |
| chromatin | DNA NOT undergoing reproduction - chromosomes |
| Interphase | NOT a phase of mitosis; when cell is not doing mitosis, it is in interphase |
| prophase | chromosomes form;nuclear membrane disappears; nucleolus appears, centrioles migrate; spindle forms |
| metaphase | chromosomes meet in middle/alignment occurs |
| anaphase | chromosomes separate - top part separates from bottom part (daughter cell) |
| telophase | opposite of prophase - reverts back to chromatin form; nuclear membrane begins to disappear; spindle disappears; division of cytoplasm |
| G1 | 1st growth stage of interphase - chromatin single stranded |
| S | subphase of Interphase - synthesize DNA |
| G2 | 2nd growth stage of interphase - centrioles duplicate |
| Phases of Interphase | G1 (first growth stage, S (substage), G2 (2nd growth stage) |
| aptosis | demobilization/killing off of cells that are no longer needed |
| hyperplasia | accelerated cell growth |
| atrophy | don't use it you lose it |
| COOH | components of amino acid nitrogen, carbon |
| S phase | Interphase |
| epithelial tissue | covers organ or lines a hollow organ |
| epithelial tissue | polarity; specialized contacts; supported by connective tissue; avascular but inervated; regeneration continual |
| simple squamous epithelial | floor tile kidneys lungs |
| simple cuboidal | single later cubits kidney sweat, oil, ducts |
| simple columnar | lines digestive tract, stomach rectum, goblet cells |
| pseudostratified columnar | resp. tract , has cilia to trap dust and goblet cells for mucous |
| stratified squamous | thick skin |
| transitional epithelium | changes from thick to thin - bladder before and after voiding |
| endocrine epithelium Glands | diffuses directly into bloodstream - no tubes, no ducts |
| exocrine epithelium Glands | tubes,ducts - sweat, goblet cells,sebaceous |
| merocrine | secretion glands on forehead, upper lip (salt and water) |
| holocrine | secretion gland in armpit and groin, salt and water, sebaceous and pieces of cells; milky like secretion w/o odor |
| connective tissue | holds body parts together; common origin; varying degree of vascularity; extracellular matrix |
| collagen fibers | break before stretching; shiny; strong; white; bone to bone; muscle to bone |
| elastic fibers | stretch before breaking; yellowing; ear, tip of nose |
| reticular fibers (reticular connective) | network of fibers, spleen |
| 'blast' | produces something |
| chondroblast | produces cartilage chondrin |
| WBC | digest bacterium |
| mast cells | allergens irritate these sensitive cells that produce histamines |
| regular tissue | organized, made up of collagen, tendons and ligaments |
| irregular tissue | disorganized; joints and capsules; fibrous, any direction |
| cartilage | chondrin/protein (gristle) |
| hyaline | looks like milkglass; glistening and tough; ribcage; flexible |
| dendrite | carries nerve impulse toward cell body |
| axon | caries nerve impulse away from the cell body |
| elastic cartilage | end of nose ears epiglottis |
| Fibrocartilage | collagen, fibers, backbone, vertebrae |
| osseous tissue | bone, osteocytes trapped in bones |
| blood | liquid portion-plasma; lymphocytes, neutrophils - eat bad stuff |
| neuron | pain |
| muscle | contraction |
| cutaneous membranes | skin |
| mucous membrane | opens to outside; like w/mucous |
| serous membrane | not open to outside; lined w/serosa |
| 4 characteristc of Imslammation | swelling, pain, redness, heat |
| regeneration of tissue repair | inflammation, restore blood supply, fibrosis |
| 3 layers of embryonic disc | ectoderm )skin, nerv. sys.), mesoderm (conn. tiss., bones, organs), endoderm (dig. tract) |
| integumentary system includes | nails, hair, sweat and sebaceous glands |
| integ has how many layers | TWO not three (for this class) epi and dermis |
| epidermis | stratified squamous epith. consisting of 4-5 layers |
| layers of epidermis | keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans' cells, Merkle cells |
| Keratinocyte | (blank) |
| Langerhans' cells | (blank) |
| Layers of epidermis | Stratum Corneum, Stratum Granuloseum, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Basale (5th Stratum Lucidum-hands/feet) |
| Dermis | 5 times thicker than epidermis, has glands,hair and hair follicles |
| 2 layers of dermis | papillary layer (20%) and reticular layer (80%) |
| epidermal ridges | fingerprints |
| botox | causes muscles to relax |
| striae | stretch marks; silvery lines; scars |
| blister | tears dermis from epidermis; tissue fluid accumulates |
| what det. skin color | melanin (freckles are localized pigment) |
| jaundice | liver not functioning - hepatitis - liver recycles hemoglobin |
| erythema | blush; blood vessels dilate |
| pallor-blanching | blood vessels constrict |
| bronzing | metallic appearance - Addison's; hypofunction of adrenal cortex |
| bruise | blood escapes from circulation and clots beneath skin; hematoma |
| appendage of skin | gland |
| ceruminous gland | ear wax gland (catch bugs) |
| sebaceous glands | produce sebum/oil for hair and skin - always attached to hair follicle |
| acne | over-secretion of sebum during puberty |
| cradle cap | seborrhea (fast flowing sebum) |
| Hair follicle | hair w/ tube growing out of it |
| hair on every surface except | palms, soles of feet and external genitalia |
| soft keratin is found | skin |
| hard keratin is found | hair and nails |
| hair has 3 parts | medulla, cortex, cuticle |
| medulla | inside layer of hair |
| cortex | thick layer outside medulla |
| cuticle | outermost layer of hair, thin |
| red hair, must have spec pigment | trichodiferin - iron containing |
| Arrector pili muscle | found in dermis, attached to hair follicle; involuntary |
| vellus | hair on head (women, children) fine |
| terminal | men's eyebrows coarser hair |
| hirsutism | hairiness; adrenal cortex tumor |
| alopecia | baldness (hormones and genes) |
| Are nails and hair digestible? | No. layers and layers of indigestible keratin. |
| Parts of nail | Matrix, cuticle, laluna |
| matrix | nail bed |
| cuticle | eponychium |
| laluna | moon |
| merkle cells | epidermis light touch receptors |
| Messner corpuscles | dermis intermediate touch |
| Pacinian corpuscles | ?? |
| basal cell carcinoma | easily treated; surg. removed |
| squamous cell carcinoma | raised edge, indention middle - not easily metastasized, easily treated |
| melanoma | easily metastasized |
| Cancer ABC's | Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter |
| Rule of 9's | won't survive |
| 1st degree burn | redness |
| 2nd degree burn | redness, blistering |
| 3rd degree burn | deep tissue burn |
| vernix caseosa | cheese like material protects skin from amniotic fluid in utero |
| impetigo | crusty lesion face |
| smaller molecules make diffusion happen? slower/faster? Heat makes diffusion happen slower/faster? | faster (the smaller people are able to feel the hot crowded cities to a place with more elbow room.) |
| carrier | transmembrane showing specifity of certain polar substance (or class of sub.) too large to pass thru membrane channel on its own (like sugars and amino acids) |
| channels | transmembrane proteins serving as transports for substances - sus. ions or water |
| diffusion | passive transport |
| 2 types of diffusion (not osmosis) | simple and facilitated |
| as solute concentration increases, water concentration.... | decreases |
| The higher the amount of non diffusible (or non-penetrating) solutes in a cell, the ___ the osmotic pressure and the ___the hydrostatic pressure that must be developed to resist further net water entry. | higher the osmotic ; greater the hydrostatic |
| hydrostatic pressure | the back pressure exerted by water against the membrane |
| osmotic pressure | cell's tendency to resist further (net) water entry |
| hypertonic | solutions with a higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than see, int he cell (strong saline, IE) |
| hypotonic | solutions that are more dilate (lower concentration of nonpen.solutes) than cells - cells will plump up as water rushes in (IE distilled water, no sale, water will continue to enter until they lyse) |
| use hpertonic solutions for with | edema |
| use hypotonic solutions with pts with | dehydration |
| filtration | process that forces water and solutes through a membrane or capillary wall by hydrostatic pressure; passive; blood; kidneys |
| Name two active transport processes | Active transport and vesicular transport |
| primary active transport | hydrolysis of ATP results in phosphorylation of transport protein; protein changes form - which cause it to 'pump' bound solute across membrane |
| secondary active transport | single ATP-powered pump indiredtly drives secondary active transport of several other solutes. Across gradfient pumping acts like reserve pump or windmill. Pump stores energy.Specific transport - no 'salt' pump - no transport |
| vesicular transport | mechanism used for exocytosis; fueled by ATP |
| clathrin-coated vescicles | main route for endo and transcytosis - become enclosed |
| caveolkin coated vesicles | bind to membrane receptors |
| cell adhesion receptors CAMS | embryonic development and wound repair; glycoproteins (cadherins and integrins); Velcro, arms, SOS, sensors, transmitters |
| membrane receptors | contact signaling and chemical signaling |
| receptor-mediated endocytosis | main mechanism for specific endocytosis and transcytosis; exquisitely selective; insulin,virus, flu, cholera |
| cytoplasm | cellular material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus; includes cytosol, cytoplasmic organelles and inclusions |
| Name 3 cytoplasmic organelles | mitochondris, ribosomes, perixomes, lysosomes, cytoskeleton, centrioles |
| Mitochondria | threadlike or sausage-shaped membranous organelles - powerhouse |
| cristae | crests, inner folds of mitochondria that fold inward and protrude into matrix |
| ribosomes | site of protein synthesis |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum | studded with ribosomes; cell's membrane factory |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum | plays no role in protein synthesis; consists of tubules; detox, synthesis of steroids, breakdown of glycogen, very little smooth ER |
| Gogli Apparatus | traffic director for cellular proteins; packages proteins made at rough ER |
| lysosomes | spherical membranous organelles containing digestive enzymes - lysol |
| Tay-Sachs | genetic lysosomal defect - lysosomes lack enzyme needed to break down gylcolipids causing nerve cell lysosomes to swell w/undigested lipids, interfering w nervous sys functions |
| perixsomes | membranous sacs containing powerful enzymes inc. oxidises and catalases which neutralize free radicals; found in liver and kidneys - used to detox |
| free radicals | highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons that can scramble te structiure f biological mulecukes |
| cytoskeleton | series of rods (microtubulkes, microfilaments and intermediate filaments) running thru sytosol |
| Microtubules | determine shape of cell - part of cytoskeleton - growing out from centrosome |
| microfilaments | thinnest element of cytoskeleton made of the protein actin |
| intermediate filaments | tough insoluable protein fibers woven ropes - most stable and permanebtof cytoskeleton elements - highly tensile-do not bind ot ATP - they attach to desmosomes - act as guy wires |
| centrosome | microtubule attaches at centrosome |
| cetrioles | pinwheel array if nine triplet microtubukles. Also forn the base if clia and flagella |
| cilia | propel othe substances across a cells surface |
| flagella | propells itself |
| basal bodies | centrioles forming the base of a structure - centrosome=basal body |
| flagellum - nine microtubules doublets; centriole has... | nine microtubule triplets |
| lysosome | site of intracellular digestion |
| microfilaments | muscle contraction |
| intermediate filaments | stable cytoskeleton; resist mechanical forces acting on the cell |
| inclusion | storage for nutrients, wastes and cell products |
| nuclear envelope | separates the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm; regulates passage of substances to and from nucleus |
| nucleoli | site of ribosomal subunit manufacture |
| chromatin | DNA constitutes the gene; granular, threadlike material and histone proteins |
| what kinds of cells are multinucleate | skeletal, bone destruction and some liver cells |
| What is made up of 60% globular histone proteins, 30% DNA and 10% RNA chains? | chromatin (which is made up of nucleosomes |
| chromatin is called what when is is 'cleaving' | chromosomes - chromatin condenses when cleaving - when cell is ready to divide |
| interphase | cell formation to cell division |
| G1 | centrioles replicate in interphase |
| S phase | DNA is replicated in interphase |
| G2 | enzymes and proteins synthesized and centrioles replication begun in G1 completed |
| adenine bonds to | thymine |
| guanine bonds to | cytosine |
| mitosis | division of nucleus |
| cytokinesis | division of cytoplasm |
| meiosis | division of sex cells - produces half the number of genes found in other body cells |
| cytokinesis | begins in late anaphase |
| what causes cells divide | when there is not enough nutrition in the cell due to surface-area-to-volume-ratio, when it receives chemical signals or when it touches another cell (contact inhibition) except cancer cells which lacks such controls |
| What is the master blueprint for protein synthesis | DNA |
| proteins are made up of | polypeptide chains - which are made up of amino acids |
| gene | segment of DNA molecule that carries instructions for creating one polypeptide chain |
| the four nucleotide bases are | A,G,C,T |
| RNA | decoding and messenger; has U instead of T (like DNA) is single stranded |
| codons | 64-three-base DNA/mRNa sequences with 3 stops for signals to terminate protein synthesis |
| How many types of tRNA are there | 45 |
| lysosomes kill all but what types of proteins | intercellular proteins used for cell division - when they die they are lysed by ubiquitins |
| upiquitins | intercellular ATP dependent reactive protein lysers |
| cell differentiation | development of specific and distinctive features in cells (liver cells, brain cells, heart cells, etc.) |
| apoptosis | controlled cellular suicide - takes care of unnecessary cells - cell releases lysophophatidylcholine which attracts macrophages |
| hyperplasia | accelerated growth |
| telomere | string of nucleotides which cap the end of chromosomes |
| anaplasia | abnormality in cell structure |
| hypertrophy | growth of organ or tissue due to an increase in the size of its cells |
| liposomes | hollow microscopic sacs forms of phospholipids that can be files w/a variety of drugs |
| dysplasia | change in cell size, shape or arrangement due to chronic irritation or inflammation (infections) |
| Principle of complementarity | biochemical activity of cells reflects the operation of organelles |
| Name the three parts of a generalized cell | nucleus, cytoplasm and plasma membrane |
| plasma membrane | encloses cell contents, mediates exchanges w/extracellular environment and plays role in cellular communication |
| fluid mosaic model | depicts plasma membrane as fluid bilayer of lipids withing which proteins are inserted |
| what is the structural part of the plasma membrane | lipids |
| what is responsible for most specialized membrane functions | proteins |
| gap junctions | allow cells to communicate |
| desmosomes | couple cells into functional community |
| plasma membrane | selectively permeable barrier; substances move across by passive processes dependent on kinetic energy of molecules or on pressure gradients and by active processes which depend on use of cellular ATP |
| diffusion | movement of cells DOWN concentration gradient - fat can dissolve into the lipid |
| facilitated diffusion | passive movement of certain solutes across the membrane by either biding with the membrane carrier protein or by moving through the membrane channel - driven by kinetic energy |
| solutions that cause a net loss of water from cells are | hypertonic |
| solutions causing net water gain from cells are | hypotonic |
| Cell membrane is more permeable to ___ than ___ | potassium than sodium |
| Do cells exhibit a charge across their membrane at rest | Yes |
| what is responsible for bringing the cell charge to neutral | sodium potassium pump |
| Where is ATP formed | Mitochondria |
| ribosomes are composed of | ribosomal RNA and proteins |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum | ribosome-studded; site of protein modification and phospholipid synthesis |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum | synthesizes lipid and steroid molecules, detoxes |
| Golgi apparatus | packages proteins for export, packages enzymes into lysosomes for cellular use |
| centrioles | form mitotic spindle and are basis of cilia and flagella |
| cell division occurs during what phase | M phases |
| exon DNA | provides information for protein structure - each triplet calls for particular amino acid to be built into polypeptide chain |
| protein synthesis involves | transcription and translation |
| the major types of lipids found in the membrane are | cholesterol and phospholipids |
| If DNA has a sequence of AAA, then mRNA will have a sequence of | UUU (there is no T in RNA!) |
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