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Urinary/Renal

TermDefinition
Major functions -removal of toxins, metabolic wastes, and excess ions from the blood. - Regulation of blood volume, chemical composition, and pH.
major functions II - Gluconeogenesis. -Endocrine functions: producing renin , erythropoietin and activating vitamin D. -Urine transport, storage, and elimination
external structure - right kidney is lower than left - renal fascia: outer layer - fibrous capsule: inner layer that touches kidney
male vs female urethras female: 3-4cm, carries only urine male: 8-20cm, carries urine and semen, split into 3 regions known as prostatic urethra (prostate gland), membranous/intermediate urethra (urogenital diaphragm), and spongy urethra (penis)
blood pathway through kidney Afferent arteriole; Glomerulus (capillaries); Efferent arteriole; Peritubular capillaries or vasa recta; Cortical radiate vein; Arcuate vein; Interlobar vein; Renal vein; Inferior vena cava.
Cortical vs juxtamedullary nephrons - Cortical: Make up 85% of nephrons; short nephron loops, almost entirely in cortex, peritubular capillaries. - Juxtamedullary: long nephron loops, extensive thin segments, vasa recta. critical in production of concentrated urine
glomerular vs Peritubular capillaries - Glomerular: High-pressure, specialized for filtration, Fed by afferent arterioles and drained by efferent arterioles - Peritubular: Low-pressure, adapted for absorption that reclaim solutes and water from filtrate in tubules back into the blood.
Juxtaglomular cortex Found where the distal portion of the ascending limb of the nephron loop touches the afferent arteriole
Trace the path of filtrate to urine from the renal corpuscle to the urethral opening. Renal corpuscle (capsular space); PCT; Descending limb of nephron loop; Ascending limb of nephron loop; DCT; Collecting duct; Papillary duct; Minor calyx; Major calyx; Renal pelvis; Ureter; Urinary bladder; Urethra; External urethral orifice
three major processes in urine formation - filtration - reabsorption - secretion
filtration - glomerular filtration - takes place in renal corpsucle
reabsorption - tubular reabsorption - takes place in renal tubules and collecting ducts
secretion - tubular secretion - takes place in renal tubules and collecting ducts
filtration membrane - porous membrane between blood and capsular space consisting of three layers; Fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillaries, Basement membrane, Visceral membrane of glomerular capsule
4. Explain how the kidney creates high glomerular capillary blood pressure - Creation: High blood pressure is created because the afferent arteriole is larger in diameter than the efferent arteriole, and arterioles are high-resistance vessels
4. Explain why the pressure of the high glomerular capillary blood pressure is significant - Significance: High pressure drives passive glomerular filtration, forcing fluid and solutes through the filtration membrane.
hydrostatic vs colloid osmotic forces -hydrostatic: pushes water and small nutrients through capillaries into kidney and tissues - colloid osmotic: pull water into blood
GFR and state average value -GFR (Glomerular filtration rate): The volume of filtrate formed per minute by the kidneys - Average value: 120 - 125ml/min - increased blood pressure = increased GFR
transport mechanisms in nephron - PCT: Primary and secondary active transport, passive paracellular diffusion, osmosis, and pinocytosis. - Descending limb of nephron loop: Osmosis (passive water movement)
transport mechanisms in nephron II - Ascending limb of nephron loop: Secondary active transport and paracellular diffusion. - DCT and Collecting Duct: Active transport, hormonal-regulated reabsorption/secretion (via aldosterone, ADH, PTH), and facilitated diffusion of urea.
aquaporins - water channel proteins inserted into the apical membranes of principal cells in the collecting ducts under the influence of ADH - allow rapid water reabsorption by osmosis.
substances absorbed
Created by: user-2046439
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