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bio 240 unit 3
brain, spinal cord, etc.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 4 major regions of the brain | cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum |
| two halves of the brain | left and right cerebral hemispheres |
| gryus | folds of the cerebrum |
| sulci | groove or furrow on the surface of the brain |
| fissures | deep furrows / slits within the folds |
| traumatic brain injuries | acute brain damage due to an accident or trauma |
| neuralation | formation of the neural plate and its closure to form the neural tube |
| notochord | tightly packed group of mesoderm cells positioned on the developing embryo midline |
| neural plate | the thickened ectoderm |
| gray matter | brain/ spinal cord tissue composed of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons |
| cortex | outer region of an organ |
| nucleus | clusters of neuron cell bodies within gray matter that are either close to the surface or deep within the brain |
| cerebral cortex | superficial layer of gray matter in the cerebrum |
| cerebral nuclei | paired irregular masses of gray matter buried deep within central white matter in the basal region of the cerebral hemispheres inferior to the floor of the lateral ventricle |
| synapses | functional contact of a neuron with another neuron or effector |
| white matter | brain / spinal cord tissue that derives its color from myelin in myelinated axons |
| tracts | located on or close to the surface or deep |
| peduncles | tracts connecting two regions of the brain |
| funiculi | subdivisions of tracts within the spinal cord |
| ganglia | group of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system |
| nerve plexus | group of interconnecting spinal nerves |
| nerve | a bundle of axons within the PNS |
| pia mater | the innermost of the cranial meninges (remember PAD goes from in to out) |
| arachnoid mater | spider-web-like meningeal layer which is located between the dura and pia mater |
| dura mater | tough fibrous membrane forming the outer meningeal layer of the central nervous system |
| meningeal layer | the layer is immediately superficial to the arachnoid |
| periosteal layer | the more superficial layer, which forms the periosteum on the internal surface of cranial cones |
| epidural space | the potential space between periosteal layer of the dura mater and the bones of the skull |
| subdural space | the potential space between the dura mater and arachnoid mater |
| cranial dura septa | the double layers of the dura mater |
| 4 ventricles of the brain | lateral ventricles, third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, and fourth ventricle |
| cerebrospinal fluid | clear, colorless fluid that circulates in the ventricles, subarachnoid space, and central canal to protect and support the brain and spinal cord |
| choroid plexus | composed of the blood capillaries + pia mater |
| ependymal cells | cells relating to the cellular lining of the brain ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord; assists in the production and circulation of CSF |
| arachnoid villi | fingerlike extensions of the arachnoid mater that project through the dura mater into the dural venous sinuses (granulation is the plural) |
| blood brain barrier (BBB) | structure formed by capillary endothelial cells and astrocytes that regulates what can enter the interstitial fluid in the brain: helps prevent transport of harmful substances from the blood into the brain |
| capillaries | composed of an endothelial lining resting on a basement membrane |
| astrocytes | largest + most abundant glial cell of the central nervous system |
| cerebrum | the largest and most superior part of the brain that is composed of the left and right cerebral hemispheres, which is the location of conscious thought processes and origin of all complex intellectual functions |
| cerebral hemispheres | the two halves of the cerebrum |
| longitudinal fissure | narrow, deep cleft that separates the cerebral hemispheres |
| corpus callosum | the large white matter tracts that connect the hemsipheres |
| frontal lobe | lobe concerned with voluntary motor functions, concentrations, verbal communication, decision making, planning, and personality |
| parietal lobe | love concerned + involved with general sensory input from both the skin and sensory input regarding body position from proprioceptors within our joints and muscles |
| temporal lobe | cerebral cortex of the lobe is involved with hearing and smell |
| occipital lobe | lobe that is responsible for processing incoming visual information and story visual memories |
| insula | small lobe deep to the lateral sulcus that is involved in memory and interpretation of taste |
| primary motor cortex | located within the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe, the neurons in this area control voluntary skeletal muscle activity |
| motor homunculus | distribution of the primary motor cortex innervation to various body parts diagram |
| motor speech area (Broca) | located in most individuals, the region is responsible for controlling the muscular movements necessary for vocalization (involved in speech production) |
| frontal eye field | lobe immediately superior to the motor speech area which controls + regulates eye movements needed for reading and coordinating binocular vision |
| sensory speech area (Wernicke) | critical language region of the brain involved in speech comprehension |
| premotor cortex | responsible for coordinating learned, skilled, motor activities |
| primary somatosensory cortex | housed within the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe, it is responsible for receiving, processing, and storing sensory information |
| primary visual cortex | located within the occipital lobe, it receives, processes, and stores incoming visual information |
| visual association area | integrates and interprets all the incoming visual information by analyzing color, movement, and form to identify the things we see |
| primary auditory cortex | located within the temporal lobe, it receives, processes, and stores auditory information |
| functional brain region | multi-association area between lobes for integrating information from individual association areas |
| prefrontal cortex | located in the most anterior portions of the frontal lobes, the cortex is associated with many higher intellectual functions such as complex thought, judgement, expression of personality, planning future behaviors, and decision making |
| association tracts | tracts that connect different regions of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere |
| commissural tracts | tracts that extend between the cerebral hemispheres through axonal bridges called commissures |
| projection tracts | tracts that link the cerebral cortex to both the inferior brain regions and spinal cord |
| cerebral nuclei | paired, irregular masses of gray matter buried deep within the central white matter in the basal region of the cerebral hemispheres inferior to the floor of the lateral ventricle |
| diencephalon | brain region deep to the cerebrum which contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus |
| epithalamus | partially forming the posterior roof of the diencephalon and covers the third ventricle |
| pineal gland | an endocrine gland secretes the hormone melatonin, which appears to help regulate day-night cycles known as the body's circadian rhythm |
| habenular nuclei | part that relays signals from the limbic system to the midbrain and are involved in visceral and emotional responses to odor |
| thalamus | composed of paired oval masses of gray matter, the thalamus is involved in motor control and relaying sensory information to higher brain centers |
| hypothalamus | region directly below the thalamus, it functions in master control of the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system, as well as regulating body temperature and circadian rhythms and controlling emotions, food intake, and water intake |
| cerebral peduncles | motor tracts located on the anterolateral surfaces of the midbrain |
| cerebellum | composed of the left and right cerebellar hemispheres |
| limbic system | system composed of multiple cerebral and diencephalic strucutres that collectively process and experience emotions |
| cingulate gyrus | an internal mass of cerebral cortex located adjacent to longitudinal fissure and superior to the corpus callosum |
| parahippocampal gyrus | mass of cerebral cortical tissue in the temporal lobe |
| hippocampus | component of cerebrum located superior to the parahippocampal gyrus which is essential for forming and storing long term memories |
| amygdaloid body | connects to the hippocampus and is involved in aspects of emotion |
| fornix | a thin tract of white matter that connects the hippocampus with limbic system structures of the structures of the diencephalon |
| cauda equina | spinal nerve roots within the vertebral canal inferior to teh tapered inferior end of the spinal cord |
| spinal cord | functions to provide a structural and functional link between the brain and body |
| spinal reflexes | involve nervous system responses that do not require the involvement of the brain |
| reflexes | rapid preprogrammed, involuntary responses of muscles or glands to stimulus |
| muscle spindle | a proprioceptor that detects changes in stretch within a muscle |
Created by:
caroline d'silva
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