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Pathology neuro
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Tau pathology | Much more spatial course than amyloid. First seen in temporal lobe>frontal>parietal (not really seen in occipital lobe) |
| Neurofibrillary Tangles | NT is due to TAU and has a more typical spatial course than amyloid plaques. Tau causes death of neuron and is highly resistant to degradation |
| TDP-43 pathology | Normally found in nucleus; should not be found in cytoplasm-->in FTLD-TDP43 it is found outside of the nucleus |
| akathesia | (extrapyramidal)--condition marked by motor restlessness, ranging from anxiety to inability to lie or sit quietly or to sleep, a common extrapyramidal side effect of neuroleptic drugs. |
| Glioblastoma Multiforme | Typically presents with seizures or subtle deficits (memory). Typically leads to death because of mass effect and not metastasis. Most patients die within year of diagnosis |
| TDP-43 | normally only in cytoplasm. In pathological states it is found in the cytoplasm. Diffuse inclusions =Skein-Like -->ALS |
| Parkinson's | Lewy Bodies (alpha-synuclein inclusions in substancia nigra, locus cereleus, hypothalamus, and dorsal nucleus of vagus) TDP-43 pathology |
| Lewy Bodies | Parkinson unless it is also found in the cortex: in that case it is DIFFUSE LEWY body dsx. Lewy bodies (in cortex) + neurofibrillary tangles --> alzheimers |
| Florid Inclusions | Inclusions seen in HIV positive patients with opportunistic CMV infections |
| EMG with spontaneous activity (fibrillation potential) and a “myopathic” pattern induced by voluntary muscle activity | Polymyositis (may be also inclusion body myositis?) |
| myopathy differential | (+) auto-antibodies- (EG ANA) 1)Dermatomyositis--if papular rash on face or joints on hand 2)Polymyositis-- 3)No Ab-- Inclusion body myositis |
| Todd's paralysis/paresis | focal weakness in a part of the body after a seizure |
| Fried Egg appearance | this pathological finding is common in oligodendrogliomas due to cytoplasmic swelling |
| Perivascular pseudorosettes may describe _____ | pathological finding in ependymoma |
| Negri Bodies are | eosinophilic inclusions present in cerebellum of patients infected with rabies |
| what type of cancer would you be looking at if you saw "whorls," Psammoma bodies/Calcification? | meningioma |
| Chronic Inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy | chronic GBS. Associated with certain HLAs and not a antecedent viral illness. Onion bulb changes are commonly found |
| Which inflammatory myopathy does not respond to glucocorticoids? | Inclusion body myositis...this is the disease within this class that is more common in males and is unresponsive to glucocorticoids |
| Spinal muscular atrophy is due to mutations in what gene? | SMN-(survival motor neuron gene) This gene is needed in most cells, but leads to selective degeneration of lower motor neurons. |
| Which subtypes of SMA are consistent with normal life span | Type 2 and 3; type 1 usually causes leads to death by the age of 2. |
| ALS pathology | motor neurons dsx (SOD1) mutation is needed for onset --astrocytes and inflammatory cells secrete toxic substances (pathological) and are responsible for progression |
| Leigh's (subacute necrotizing encepalopathy) | a mitochondrial abnormality |
| Alzheimer's type II Astrocytes | (not Alzheimer's disease). A pathological finding associated with hepatic disease and Wilson's dsx. |
| Wilson's disease | an AR inherited mutation in copper-transporting ATPase. Onset is usually in the 2nd decade of life. You can find copper in their urine and treat this with chelating agents |
| Kernicterus | Due to high levels of circulating bilirubin. Typically in babies who lack a fully conjugating system. Will see yellowing of brain |
| What are some bedside signs of frontal lesions | The inability to suppress primitive reflexes (grasp, suck, and root reflex). Inability to have an antisaccade |
| Describe the behaviors you might see in ANOSOGNOSIA. | The patient who has a parietal lesion(s) will not recognize their contralateral limb |
| Rolandic (Central mid-temporal spikes)are present | in benign focal epilepsy of childhood |
| Ganglioglioma | Is most common in children and is associated with seizures. On imaging you see cystic enhancing mural nodules in temporal lobe. Usually recur due to glial component |
| LOH of 1q and 19q vs no LOH | patients with a deletion are much more likely to survive 10-15 and benefit from surgery. Tumors with loss of heterozygosity are responsive to treatment to chemo |
| Medulloblastoma | is a tumor of the CNS mainly seen in children. they present with ataxia and increased ICP. They are malignant, rapidly growing and undifferentiated (in cerebellum) |
| The treatment of medulloblastoma | is chemotherapy. Though this is a highly malignant tumor it is very sensitive to radiation. Side: high levels of radiation will cause permanent deficits in the kids. |
| Schwannomas and meningiomas | are both typically cured with surgery. Meningiomas become malignant and invade (will show psamomma bodies and whorls). |
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