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Anatomy unit 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| support-framework Protection Movement Mineral reservoir-calcium Hematopoiesis-blood cell formation by red bone marrow Energy storage-lipids stored in yellow bone marrow | 6 major functions of bones |
| bone/osseous tissue | contains abundant extracellular matrix |
| 15% | What percentage of bones are water? |
| 55% | what percentage of bones are crystallized mineral salts? |
| 30% | what percentage of bones are fibers and gel? |
| hydroxyapatite, calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide | included in crystallized mineral salts |
| collagen, glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans | included in fibers and gels |
| Osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts | 4 bone cell types |
| Osteoprogenitor cell | unspecialized cell, develops into osteoblasts, only bone cell type that undergoes cell division |
| Periosteum, endosteum, perforating canals, and central canals | where osteoprogenitor cells are found |
| osteoblasts | bone-building cells; secretes osteoid/new bone matrix; include collagen and other organic components |
| osteocyte | mature bone cell; maintains bone metabolism; forms when matrix surrounds osteoblasts |
| osteoclasts | bone-resorbing cell; large, multinucleated, formed from monocyte-lineage cells; uses enzymes and acid to digest bone matrix |
| Diaphysis | Shaft/body of long bone; hollow space surrounded by compact bone |
| epiphyses | proximal and distal ends of long bone |
| metaphysis | region where ephiphysis and diaphysis meet; ephphyseal plate located here in growing bone |
| articular cartilage | thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering joint surfaces; avascular |
| periosteum | dense white fibrous membrane covering the bone except at joint surfaces |
| provides attachment for tendons and ligaments; contains blood vessels and osteoblasts | functions of periosteum |
| medullary cavity | cavity in diaphysis that contains yellow/fatty marrow and blood vessels in adults; helps reduce bone weight |
| endosteum | thin membrane lining medullary cavity; contains bone-forming cells |
| Compact bone vs spongy bone ORGANIZATION | osteons (Haversian systems) vs. trabeculae (no osteons) |
| compact bone vs spongy bone SPACES | few spaces, dense vs web-like marrow-filled spaces |
| compact bone vs spongy bone LOCATION | primarily outside of bone vs interior of bone, found in epiphyses and medullary cavity of diaphysis |
| compact bone vs spongy bone MARROW RELATIONSHIP | provides outer support/protection vs trabeculae support and protect red bone marrow |
| compact bone vs spongy bone STRESS | dense and strongest form of bone tissue vs trabeculae are arranged along lines of stress |
| osteon (Haversian systems) | repeating structural unit of compact bone |
| concentric lamellae | concentric layers of mineralized extracellular matrix around the central canal |
| lacunae | spaces containing osteocytes |
| canaliculi | tiny channels connecting lacunae and central canal; filled with fluid |
| central canal | contains blood and lymphatic vessels |
| perforating canals (Volkmann’s) | connect periosteum and endosteum; passageways for nerves and blood vessels |
| Periosteal arteries and veins | supply the periosteum and outer compact bone |
| nutrient artery/vein | enters the diaphysis through the nutrient foramen |
| metaphyseal arteries and veins | enter metaphysis and supply tissue and red bone marrow in this region |
| ephphyseal arteries and veins | enter the epiphyses and supply red bone marrow and tissue |
| periosteal sensory nerves | carry pain sensations; clinically relevant in fracture and needle biopsy |
| ossification | bone formation |
| Intramembranous ossification | bone forms directly with mesenchyme |
| endochondral ossification | bone forms within a hyaline cartilage model that develops from mesenchyme |
| intramembranous ossification EXAMPLE | flat bones of skull/facial bones, mandible, and part of clavicles |
| endochondral ossification EXAMPLE | long-bone development |
| cartilage model, primary ossification center, medullary cavity develops in diaphysis, secondary ossification centers in epiphyses, articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate remain | sequence of ossification |
| Interstitial growth of cartilage occurs on epiphyseal side of growth plate; cartilage is replaced by bone on diaphysis side by endochondral ossification | growth in length |
| new tissue is deposited on outer surface; osteoblasts add bone externally while osteoclasts enlarge medullary cavity | growth in thickness (appositional growth) |
| Zone of resting cartilage | small, scattered chondrocytes; anchors epiphyseal plate to epiphysis |
| zone of proliferation | chondrocytes divide rapidly; cells are stacked like coins and secrete extracellular matrix |
| Zone of hypertrophy | chondrocytes enlarge and mature; arranged in columns |
| zone of calcification | cartilage matrix hardens; chondrocytes die |
| zone of ossification | osteoblasts replace cartilage with bone |
| resting, proliferation, hypertrophy, calcification, ossification | order of zones |
| Bone remodeling | ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue |
| growth years | bone formation exceeds resorption |
| young adulthood | formation and resorption are more balanced |
| later adulthood | increased resorption at endosteal surface relative to periosteal formation, producing net bone loss |
| needed for remodeling | calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, boron, manganese, vitamins D, C, A, K, B12 Hormones: IGFs, hGH, thyroid hormones, sex hormones |
| Bone calcium store | bone stores 99% of body’s calcium |
| parathyroid hormone (PTH) | increases rate and number of osteoclasts |
| calcitonin | inhibits osteoclasts |
| blood calcium level | 9-11mg/100mL |
| Closed reduction | setting a fracture w/o surgery |
| open reduction | setting a fracture w/ surgery |
| Reactive phase | fracture hematoma forms; nearby bone cells die, swelling and inflammation occur, phagocytes and osteoclasts remove dead/damaged tissue |
| reparative phase | fibrocartilaginous callus forms, followed by bony callus; capillaries infiltrate and granulation tissue organizes; osteoblasts produce spongy bone trabeculae |
| remodeling phase | callus is remodeled; dead bone is resorted by osteoclasts; compact bone replaces spongy bone |
| 80 bones | number of bones in the axial skeleton |
| skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid, vertebral column, sternum, ribs | what bones are included in axial skeleton |
| 126 bones | number of bones in appendicular skeleton |
| shoulder, arms, hands, pelvis, legs, feet | what bones are included in appendicular skeleton |
| Flat bones | thin parallel plates of compact bone enclosing spongy bone; |
| flat bones function and example | protection and cranial bones |
| long bones | greater length than width |
| long bones function and example | mobility and support; femur |
| irregular bones | complex shapes |
| irregular bones function and example | various functions; vertebrae |
| short bones | cube-shaped and nearly equal in length and width |
| short bones function and examples | stability; carpals |
| sesamoid bones | bones embedded in tendons |
| sesamoid bones example | patella |
| Sutural/wormian bones | small bones between joints of some cranial bones; classified by location not shape |
| fissure | narrow slit for passage of blood vessels or nerves |
| foramen | hole/opening for passage of blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments |
| fossa | shallow depression |
| meatus | tube-like opening |
| sulcus | furrow that accommodates a blood vessel, nerve, or tendon |
| condyle | rounded projection with a smooth articular surfae |
| facet | smooth, flat, slightly concave articular surface |
| head | usually rounded articular process supported on a neck |
| crest | prominent ridge or elongated process |
| epicondyle | usually roughened projection on a condyle |
| line | long narrow ridge or border; less prominent than a crest |
| spinous process | sharp, slender projection |
| trochanter | very large projection; in course deck, specifically on the femur |
| tubercle | variably sized rounded projection |
| tuberosity | variably sized projection with a rough bumpy surface |
| depressions/openings | fissure, foramen, fossa, meats, sulcus |
| processes that form joints | condyle, facet, head |
| attachment processes | crest, epicondyle, line, spinous process, trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity, |
| 22 | How many bones are in the skull |
| 8 bones-frontal, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid | how many bones are in the cranium and what are they |
| 14 bones-2 nasal, 2 lacrimal, 2 inferior nasal conchae, 2 maxillae, mandible, vomer, 2 zygomatic, 2 palatine | how many facial bones are there and what are they |
| suture | immovable joint between skull and bones |
| coronal | Between frontal and parietal bones |
| sagittal | between 2 parietal bones |
| lambdoid | between parietal and occipital bone |
| squamous | between parietal and temporal bone |
| Frontal bone | forms forehead, anterior part of cranium, roofs of orbits, supraorbital foramen/notch and margin; frontal squamous, frontal crest, foramen cecum |
| parietal bone | forms sides and roof of cranial cavity |
| Sagittal border (medial) | meets opposite parietal at sagittal suture |
| frontal border (anterior) | articulates with frontal bone to coronal suture |
| occipital border (posterior) | articulates with occipital bone to lambdoid suture |
| squamous border (inferior) | articulates with temporal and greater wing of sphenoid to squamosal and sphenoparietal sutures |
| Bregma (frontal angle) | Meeting of coronal and sagittal sutures |
| lambda (occipital angle) | meeting of sagittal and lambdoid sutures |
| pterion (sphenoidal angle) | junction with sphenoid, frontal, and temporal sutures |
| asterion (mastoid angle) | junction with occipital and temporal sutures |
| occipital bone | posterior and inferior part of the skull, curved, trapezoid-like bone; flat bone; forms partly by membranous ossification and partly by endochondral ossification |
| temporal bone | forms inferior sides of cranium and part of cranial floor; zygomatic process; mandibular fossa and articular tubercle; with the mandible it forms the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) |
| Ethmoid bone | located between orbits, articulate with frontal and sphenoid bone; develops through endochondral ossification; contributes to nasal septum, nasal cavity walls, and medial orbital walls |
| Sphenoid bone | middle part of base of skull; articulates with other cranial bones; body is central portion |
| pterion | region at the sphenoidal angle involving frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones; considered weakest point of the skull where a fracture may rapture the middle meningeal artery and produce an epidural hematoma |
| temporomandibular joint (TMJ) | mandibular condylar process articulates with the mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of the temporal bone |
| orbit | formed by 7 bones; frontal, maxilla, lacrimal, ethmoid, palatine, sphenoid, and zygomatic |
| hyoid | u-shaped; does not articulate with any other bone; suspended from styloid process; supports the tongue and muscles of the neck and pharynx; consists of a body, lesser horns, and greater horns |
| maxillae | articulate with every bone of the face except for the mandible |
| Alveolar process | |
| palatine process | Hard palate |
| infraorbital foramen | |
| incisive foramen | |
| inferior orbital fissure | |
| Mandible | lower jawbone; consists of body, 2 romi, and an angle |
| condylar process | articulates with mandibular fossa and articular tubercle |
| coronoid process | |
| mandibular notch | |
| alveolar process | |
| mental foramen | |
| mandibular foramen | |
| zygomatic bones | cheekbones; lateral wall/floor of orbit; zygomatic process contributes to zygomatic arch |
| Nasal bones | form bridge of the nose |
| lacrimal bones | contain lacrimal fossa/lacrimal sac region |
| palatine bones | form posterior hard palate and contribute to floor of nasal cavity/orbits |
| inferior nasal conchae | located along inferior lateral wall of nasal cavity; increase surface area of nasal cavity |
| vomer | forms inferior portion of the bony nasal septum |
| Fontanel | membrane filled spaces between cranial bones in infants |
| anterior fontanel | largest junction of frontal and parietal; closes by 24 mo. |
| posterior fontanel | midline of parietal and occipital; closed by 2 mo. |
| anterolateral | frontal, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal; closed by 3 mo. |
| posterolateral | parietal, occipital, and temporal; closed by 12 mo. |
| Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx | 5 regions of the spine |
| 7, 12, 5 | number of vertebrae in cervical, thoracic, and lumbar |
| cervical | smaller vertebrae with larger arches; transverse foramina for vertebral artery and vein; C2-6 have bifold sinuous processes |
| thoracic | all articulate with ribs; long, pointed spinous processes; contain costal facets/demifacets for rib articulation |
| lumbar | largest and strongest; short, thick projections |
| Sacrum | articulates with pelvic girdle; sacral canal; anterior and posterior sacral foramina; median sacral crest |
| coccyx | 4 small fused vertebrae that articulate with the sacrum |
| cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral | 4 normal curves in an adult |
| Secondary curves | cervical and lumbar; convex curves |
| primary curves | thoracic and sacral; concave curves |
| develop through milestones of holding up head, sitting, walking, | how do the curves of the spine develop? |
| Annulus fibrosus | fibrocartilage; surrounds nucleus pulposus; limits expansion of the nucleus under compression and binds vertebrae together |
| nucleus pulposus | central material that gives the disc elasticity and compressibility |
| herniated invertebral disc | nucleus pulposus is squeezed out of the annulus fibrosus; usually occurs in lumbar vertebrae and can compress spinal nerve root |
| body | thick, disc-shaped anterior portion; weight bearing |
| vertebral arch | formed by pedicures and lamina; with the body, forms vertebral foramen |
| vertebral foramen | opening formed by the body and vertebral arch; contains spinal cord, and blood vessels |
| spinous process | projects posteriorly from lamina |
| transverse processes | project laterally on each side |
| articular processes/facets | 2 superior and 2 inferior articular processes/facets; articulate with adjacent vertebrae |
| Atlas | ring-shaped vertebra, no body, large lateral masses, anterior and posterior arch, superior articular facets articulate with occipital condyles |
| axis | has a body, distinguishing feature are dens, important for rotation at the upper cervical spine |
| Cervical vertebrae | smaller, larger arches, vertebral foramen, and transverse foramina |
| atlas structures | anterior arch, posterior arch, transverse process, transverse foramen, vertebral foramen, superior articular facets |
| upper cervical relationship | occipital condyles articulate with atlas to form atlanto-occipital joint |
| T1-T12 | articulate with the ribs |
| costal facets | articulating surfaces for the heads/tubercles of ribs |
| facets | T1 and T10-12 have a rib that articulates with each vertebrae |
| demifacet | T1, 2-9 have a rib that articulates with 2 vertebral bodies |
| sternum | breastbone |
| manubrium | handle with quadrangular shape; suprasternal/jugular notch, clavicular notch; depression for costal cartilages of ribs 1 and 2; contributes to sternal angle |
| body of sternum | main central portion; called gladiolus |
| xiphoid process | inferior part of sternum |
| Numbered superior to inferior; increase in size from 1-7 and decrease from 8-12 | rib numbering |
| vertebral articulation | ribs articulate with thoracic vertebrae at the head |
| true ribs (vertebrosternal) | 1-7; directly attach to the sternum through hyaline costal cartilage |
| false ribs (vertebrochondral) | 8-10; cartilage attaches to cartilage of rib 7 |
| floating ribs (vertebral) | 11-12; not attached to the sternum |
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