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cardiovascular unit
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| right atrium | - receives oxygen poor blood from superior and inferior vena cava and pumps to right ventricle |
| right ventricle | pumps blood into lungs from right atrium |
| left atrium | - receives oxygen rich blood from lungs and pumps into left ventricle |
| left ventricle | - pumps oxygen rich blood to rest of body |
| interventricular septum | - Two pathways in the interventricular septum that carry the impulses toward the apex of the heart (bundle branches) |
| semilunar valves | - aortic (L) and pulmonary (R) semilunar valves - prevents backflow into ventricles |
| atrioventricular (AV) valves | - prevent backflow into atria - biscuspid/mitral (L) and tricuspid (R) |
| papillary muscles | hold AV valves closed to prevent backflow |
| chordae tendineae | - anchor AV valve cusps to papillary muscles |
| venous openings right side | - superior vena cava and inferior vena cava: carries oxygen poor blood from body into right atrium - coronary sinus and great cardiac vein: removes used blood and waste products from heart muscle and delivers to right atrium |
| arterial openings | -aorta: carries oxygen rich blood from heart to rest of body - pulmonary artery: carry oxygen poor blood from heart to lungs |
| layers of pericardium | -fibrous pericardium: superficial/outer layer - serous pericardium: deep two layered, contains visceral and parietal layer - parietal: lines fibrous membrane - visceral: lines heart, aka epicardium |
| myocardium | - intercalated discs allow muscle cells to contract in rapid, synchronized waves |
| endocardium | - continuous with endothlial lining of blood vessels |
| phases of the cardiac muscle action potential | - depolarization - plateau - repolarization |
| blood flow through heart | - superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus; right atrium; tricuspid valve; right ventricle; pulmonary semilunar valve; pulmonary artery; lungs - pulmonary veins; left atrium; bicuspid valve; left ventricle; aortic semilunar valve;aorta;body |
| double pump | - each side supplies own circuit; right and left side - important to seperate oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood - right side uses lower pressure to protect blood vessels of lungs while left side has higher pressure to push blood to full body |
| conduction system | - autorhythmic cells pass along impulses for contraction - control depolarization of entire heart -defects may result in arrythmias, uncoordinated contractions, and fibrillation |
| SA node | -Stretch of the atrial walls stimulates the SA node - hearts natural pacemaker |
| ANS | controls involuntary heart functions like rate, rhythm, and contraction strength |
| cardiac cycle | - the events during one heart beat - all events associated with blood flow through the heart during one complete heartbeat |
| diastole | - relaxtion during heart beat |
| systole | - contraction during heart beat |
| phases of cardiac cycle | - late ventricular diastole - artrial systole - isovolumetric contraction - ventricular systole - isovolumetric relaxation (early ventricular diastole) - late ventricular diastole - atrial systole |
| ECG waves to cardiac cycle | - P wave: SA node depolarization - QRS complex: ventricular depolarization - T wave: ventricular repolarization |
| CO and units of measurement | - Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute - CO = heart rate (HR) x stroke volume (SV) |
| EDV | - End diastolic volume: volume of blood in each ventricle at the end of ventricular diastole |
| ESV | -End systolic volume: volume of blood remaining in each ventricle after contraction |
| SV | - stroke volume: volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle with each beat - SV = EDV-ESV - Three main factors affect SV: Preload, Contractility, Afterload |
| preload | - degree of stretch of cardiac muscle cells before they contract -increase EDV, SV, and force of contractions |
| contractility | - contractile strength -increase SV, decrease ESV |
| afterload | -pressure that must be overcome for ventricles to eject blood - increased ESV, reduced SV |
| frank-starling law | Increased blood return stretches ventricles and increases contraction force so more is propelled out |
| artery | - away from heart - usually oxygenated - elastic arteries: expand and recoil as blood is ejected from heart (aorta) - muscular arteries: most of named arteries, active in vasodilation |
| vein | - toward heart - usually deoxygenated - Called capacitance vessels (blood reservoirs); contain up to 65% of the blood supply |
| capillaries | - contact tissue cells and directly serve cellular needs - continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoid |
| foramen ovale and ductus arterioles | - Fetal shunts (foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus) bypass nonfunctional lungs - Ductus venosus bypasses the liver |
| peripheral resistance | - Opposition to flow; friction - Three important sources of resistance: Blood viscosity, Total blood vessel length, Blood vessel diameter* |
| pulse pressure | difference between systolic and diastolic pressure |
| MAP | - Mean arterial pressure: pressure that propels the blood to the tissue - MAP = diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressu |
| hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure | - Hydrostatic pressure pushes and osmotic pressure pulls |
| venous openings left side | pulmonary veins: carry oxygen rich blood from lungs to left atrium |
| conduction system steps | - SA generates impulses; impulses pause at AV node; AV bundle connects atria and ventricles; bundle branches conduct impulses through septum; subendocardial conducting network depolarizes cells of both ventricles |
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