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digestive functions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Secretes bicarbonate and enzymes aid for digestion, communicates with the duodenum | pancreas |
| Absorption of water, electrolytes, and reduction of particle size in ruminants | omasum |
| Anatomical structure resent in young ruminants that allows milk by-pass the rumen-reticulum | esophageal groove |
| Main organ for fermentation and VFA absorption in ruminants | rumen |
| Blind pouch with microbial population that allows hind gut species fermentation | cecum |
| Prepares undigested feed for removal, absorption of water | colon |
| Produces bile for fat digestion | gallbladder |
| Acts as the pacemaker of ruminal contractions | reticulum |
| Where most of the nutrients from the feed are absorbed in to the bloodstream | jejunum/ileum |
| Where the majority of chemical digestion of food occurs, synthesis and secretion of HCl and enzymes | abomasum/stomach/proventriculus/compartment III |
| Is a measure of the plant components in forages that are the least digestible by livestock | ADF |
| Measurement of the cell wall in forages, about 40 to 60% digested in the rumen, it has a fill effect in the rumen that can restrict feed intake | NDF |
| Glucose or glycogen is converted to Pyruvate | glycolysis |
| Formation of glucose from substrates such as: Pyruvate Lactate Glycerol and Some aminoacids | gluconeogenesis |
| Occurs in the Mitochondria, production of 34 ATP molecules | krebs/citric acid cycle |
| Glycogen synthesis that occurs mainly in the liver and the skeletal muscle | glycogenesis |
| Mitochondrial aerobic process of breaking down a fatty acid into acetyl-CoA units. | beta oxidation |
| Network of tubular and flat vesicular structures, with ribosomes where synthesis of proteins occurs and the absence of Ribosome where synthesis of lipid substances and other enzymatic process occur | endoplasmic reticulum |
| Organelle that acts as the powerhouse of the cell, energy production of the cell (ATP synthesis) | mitochondria |
| Separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment, provides protection, regulates the transport of materials and have proteins (receptors, channels) on it which interact with other cells | cell membrane |
| Organelle that packages materials made in the cell and transforms them into units that are distributed out of the cell | golgi apperatus |
| Vesicular organelles that contain digestive enzymes | lysosomes |
| Communication network that allows the animal to interpret, integrate and respond/adjust to external and internal information (cues) | nervous system |
| Transportation of nutrients, molecules and waste products of metabolism | cardiovascular |
| Gas exchange, phonation, regulation of pH | respiratory |
| Intake of food (ingestion) Mastication-Transportation, Reduction of nutrients (digestion), Absorption of nutrients and Elimination of waste products | digestive |
| Removal of waste products from the blood, Regulate composition of plasma, Hormonal functions, Absorption of solutes, Water balance Acid base balance | urinary |
| Hormonal function & Propagation of the species | reproductive |
| Support, protection, locomotion, Mineral metabolism | skeletal |
| Support, protection, locomotion, generation of heat | muscular |
| carcass/composition traits | H |
| growth/yield | M |
| Reproductive | L |
| Secretions from glands that have an effect in target cells to activate or inhibit a specific function | hormone |
| Specialized tissue that synthesizes and secretes chemical signals released to the bloodstream or outside of the body | endocrine gland |
| Hormone released and circulated through the bloodstream to target cells | endocrine effect |
| Hormone released outside of the body and acts on another individual | pheremone |
| Specific protein(s) found embedded in the plasma membrane, cytoplasm or nuclear membrane of a cell that receives chemical signals | receptor |
| Process of acquiring reproductive competence | puberty |
| Series of morphological, physiological and behavioral changes that are repeated every period of time in females | estrous/ menstrual cycles |
| Series of morphological, physiological and behavioral changes that aimed to expulse the fetus out of the uterus | partruition |
| reproductive hormone is synthesized from the Hypothalamus in animals | Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) |
| reproductive hormone that is synthesized from the Hypophysis (pituitary) in animals cause ovulation | Luteinizing hormone (LH) |
| reproductive hormone that is synthesized from the Hypophysis (pituitary) in animals cause ovarian follicle to grow and develop? | Follicle simulating hormone (FSH) |
| hormone is synthesized in the Corpus luteum of the Ovary that aids in the preparation and development of the uterus to receive and sustain a fetus or fetuses | progesterone |
| equine estrous cycle frequency | Seasonal polyestrous (long day breeders) |
| bovine estrous cycle frequency | Polyestrous continuous |
| porcine estrous cycle frequency | Polyestrous continuous |
| caprine/ovine estrous cycle frequency | Seasonal polyestrous (short day breeders) |
| feline estrous cycle frequency | Seasonal polyestrous (short day breeders) |
| canine estrous cycle frequency | Monoestrous |
| rodents estrous cycle frequency | Polyestrous continuous |
| cow gestation length | 9-9 1/2 months |
| mare gestation length | 11 months |
| ewe and doe gestation length | 5 months |
| sow gestation length | 3.8 months |
| dog and cat gestation length | 2 months |
| rabbits gestation length | 1 month |
| mice gestation length | 3 weeks |
| Production of sex cells and hormones | gonads (ovary, testicles) |
| Tube that connects the Ovary and uterine horns, fertilization occurs at this organ | oviduct/ fallopian tube |
| Prominent organ of the female reproductive tract, organ of pregnancy | uterine horns and body |
| Organ where the spermatozoids are mature and stored | epididymis |
| Rigid portion of female tract, protect and prevents entry of foreign material | cervix |
| Void secretions into the urethra, secretions make up the bulk of semen (seminal plasma), provide a vehicle for sperm transport and provide nutrients for sperm | accessory (prostate, vesticular, bulbourethral) glands |
| Copulatory organ in females and males | vangina and penis body |
| Organ in the female and male that allows stimulation and lubrication | clit and penis head |
| average length of the estrous cycles in livestock species (except in the ewe which is 17 days) | 21 days |
| Number of animals who become ill or are ill at a given time | morbidity |
| Infections agents (Bacteria, Virus, Parasites, Fungus, Prions) | pathogen |
| Ability of an organism to cause disease, proportion of animals who would develop clinical signs of disease | pathogenicity |
| Frequency of occurrence of death in a defined population | mortality |
| Time from exposure to the causative agent until the first symptoms develop in an animal | incubation |
| Method to find the causes of health outcomes and diseases | epidemiology |
| general factor(s) that control behavioral responses in animals | environment, endocrine, nervous |
| 5 freedoms | Freedom from discomfort Freedom from pain, injury, and disease Freedom from hunger and thirst Freedom to express normal/natural behaviors Freedom from fear and distress |
| Leukocytes | Macrophages, Neutrophils, Basophils, and Eosinophils |
| Lymphocytes | B & T cells, Natural killer cell |
| Acquired by the animal on its own when antibodies are made by the animal’s own immune system | active immunity |
| Recognizes and selectively eliminates specific foreign microorganisms and molecules | adaptive immunity |
| First line of immunological defense comprised of anatomic, physiologic, phagocytic, and inflammatory defense barriers | innate immunity |
| Transfer of antibodies to an animal from his/her mother through placenta or colostrum | passive immunity |
| equine GI complexity | Monogastric hindgut fermenters |
| bovine GI complexity | Polygastric / ruminants |
| ovine caprine GI complexity | Polygastric / ruminants |
| swine GI complexity | Simple monogastric |
| poultry GI complexity | Simple monogastric |
| dogs cats GI complexity | Simple monogastric |
| 4 barriers against pathogens | anatomic, physiological, cellular, inflamatory |
| Feed efficiency | Gain per 1 Lb Feed (gain/food) |
| 3 products of fermentation in rumen | microbial protein, gas, VFAs |
| Transports oxygen from lungs/gills to the rest of the body. in RBCs | hemoglobin binding protein |
| Stores oxygen locally in muscle cells for immediate use. In mucsles. meat color | myoglobin binding protein |
| mostly fibrous indigestible material in food (such as grass or hay) | Roughage |
| Converted into succulent feed by fermentation, high-moisture stored fodder | silage |
| Macrominerals ex | Ca, P, S, Mg, Na, K, Cl |
| macronutrients | water, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, carbs |
| The expression of the heterozygote is exactly halfway between the phenotype of the homozygotes | Partial dominance or co-dominance |
| single-nucleotide substitutions of one base for another: single nucleotide polymorphism | SNPs |
| Contain a version of the living virus that has been weakened. Are the closest thing to a natural infection, they are good teachers for the immune system. | Live, attenuated vaccine |
| Made by inactivating, or killing, the virus during the process of making the vaccine. | Inactivated vaccine |
| Prevent diseases caused by bacteria that produce toxins in the body. In the process the toxins are weakened so they cannot cause illness | toxoid vaccine |
| Bacteria have antigens with an outer coating of sugar-like substances called polysaccharides. | conjugate vaccine |
| Include only parts of the virus or bacteria, or subunits, instead of the entire germ | subunit vaccine |
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