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Muscles
Muscles of the head, neck, dorsum, & ventrum
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Flexion | decreases angle formed by joints |
| Extension | increases angle formed by joints |
| Abduction | move limb away from body |
| Adduction | move limb towards body |
| Origin | less moveable, often more proximal |
| Insertion | more moveable end, often more distal |
| Supination | rotate limb so the dorsum of the manus (or pes) is directed laterally |
| Pronation | rotate limb so the dorsum of the manus (or pes) is directed manually |
| Which species cannot do pronation or supination? | Horses and Cattle |
| Manus | whole front foot |
| Pes | whole rear foot |
| Masseter | heavy muscle, lateral aspect of face, caudoventral to the orbit, most powerful in closing the jaw |
| Origin of Masseter | Zygomatic arch |
| Insertion of Masseter | mandible |
| Action of Masseter | elevate mandible, close jaw |
| Temporalis | large muscle in temporal fossa |
| Origin of Temporalis | temporal bone, sagittal suture |
| Insertion of Temporalis | Ramus of mandible |
| Action of Temporalis | elevate mandible |
| Orbicularis Oris | elliptical muscle around lateral mouth, moves lips to a pucker, very superficial, facial muscle of expression |
| Orbicularis Oculi | elliptical muscle, moves eyelids, allows blinking, muscle of facial expression |
| Levator Nasolabialis | Muscle laying over nasal bones, Contraction- elevates nares & upper lip, lifting nose to smell |
| The sternocephalicus is also called | Sternomastoid |
| Sternocephalicus (sternomastoid) | superficial muscle |
| Origin of Sternocephalicus | manubrium |
| Insertion of Sternocephalicus | mastoid process of temporal bone |
| Action of Sternocephalicus | Together- flexion of neck Individually- turns the head |
| Sternohyoid | slender muscle that runs along ventral midline of neck, overlying trachea |
| Origin of Sternohyoid | first costal cartilage |
| Insertion of Sternohyoid | Hyoid bone |
| Action of Sternohyoid | retract hyoid |
| Digastric | very thick muscle located ventrally between mandibles |
| Origin of Digastric | Mastoid process of temporal bone |
| Insertion of Digastric | medial ventral border of mandible |
| Action of Digastric | Depresses mandible, opens jaw- only mandible |
| Brachiocephalicus | Very large superficial muscle, extends from head and neck to forearm |
| Clavicular Intersection | Divides muscles into two parts - Clavobrachialis and Clavocephalicus (cleidotrapezius) |
| Origin of Brachiocephalicus | clavicular intersection |
| Insertions of Brachiocephalicus | Skull- Clavocephalicus Humerus- Clavobrachialis |
| Action of Brachiocephalicus | flex neck laterally, pull limb forward |
| Trapezius | Very wide superficial muscle, three parts over dorsal aspect of neck |
| Origin of Trapezius | Cervical- fibrous raphe Thoracic- spines of T3-T8 |
| Insertion of Trapezius | spine of the scapula |
| Action of Trapezius | Draw shoulder forward and back |
| Rhomboideus | lies deep to trapezius, complex- several divisions |
| Origin of Rhomboideus | Vertebral spine of T1 |
| Insertion of Rhomboideus | Dorsal border of scapula |
| Action of Rhomboideus | Adduct the scapula, draw shoulder dorsally |
| Splenius | Beneath Rhomboideus |
| Origin of Splenius | midline of neck |
| Insertion of Splenius | nuchal crest |
| Action of Splenius | elevation and extension of head (both), lateral flexion of head (one) |
| Abdominal Muscles | Four sheets of muscle that form ventral abdominal wall arranged in contrasting forces |
| Linea alba | "white line" in abdominal muscles |
| Aponeurosis | fibrous, pearly-white, connective tissue found in flat muscles needing a wide area of attachment |
| External Abdominal Oblique | most superficial, fibers run caudoventrally |
| Origin of External Abdominal Oblique | last ribs |
| Insertion of External Abdominal Oblique | Linea alba |
| Action of External Abdominal Oblique | compress abdomen |
| Internal Abdominal Oblique | lies beneath the external abdominal oblique (AO), fibers run cranioventrally |
| Origin of Internal Abdominal Oblique | tuber coxae (ventral boarder of the wing of the ilium) |
| Insertion of Internal Abdominal Oblique | Linea alba |
| Action of Internal Abdominal Oblique | compress abdomen |
| Transversus Abdominis | Lies deep to internal AO (abdominal oblique), fibers run dorsal to ventral |
| Origin of Transversus Abdominis | costochondral junctions of false ribs internally, lumbar fasciae |
| Insertion of Transversus Abdominis | Linea alba |
| Action of Transversus Abdominis | compress abdomen |
| Rectus Abdominis | Each side of Linea alba, ensheathed in aponeurosis of other three muscles |
| Origin of Rectus Abdominis | pubis |
| Insertion of Rectus Abdominis | first and second costal cartilage |
| Action of Rectus Abdominis | raise thorax |
| Serratus Ventralis | large fan shaped muscle, into axillary region |
| Origin of Serratus Ventralis | Transverse processes of C3-C7 and Ribs 1-7 |
| Insertion of Serratus Ventralis | Scapula (medial surface) |
| Action of Serratus Ventralis | raise thorax |
| Latissimus Dorsi | broad, flat, fan shaped muscle |
| Origin of Latissimus Dorsi | T5-L6 |
| Insertion of Latissimus Dorsi | medial surface of proximal humerus |
| Action | pulls forelimb dorsocaudally |
| External Intercostals | located between ribs and runs caudoventrally |
| Origin of External Intercostals | Cranial rib |
| Insertion of External Intercostals | caudal rib |
| Action of External Intercostals | expand thoracic cavity, protract ribs |
| Internal Intercostals | located between ribs and runs cranioventrally |
| Origin of Internal Intercostals | caudal rib |
| Insertion of Internal Intercostals | cranial rib |
| Action of Internal Intercostals | retract rib |
| Epaxial Muscles | located dorsal to spine, multiple origins and insertions, extend back, longissimus dorsi, iliocostals |
| Longissimus dorsi | from vertebral spines to transverse process on cranial vertebrae |
| Iliocostals | dorsolateral surface on cranial ribs |
| Hypaxial Muscles | Ventral to spine- flex the spine (both), flex the hip (one) , Psoas Major and Psoas Minor |
| Origin of Psoas Major | lumbar vertebrae |
| Insertion of Psoas Major | lesser trochanter of femur |
| Origin of Psoas Minor | T13-L5 |
| Insertion of Psoas Minor | body of ilium |
| Pectoral Muscles | superficial and deep portions ---- Pectoantebrachialis, Pectoralis major, Pectoralis minor, Xiphihumeralis |
| Origin of Pectoral Muscles | sternum |
| Insertion of Pectoral Muscles | cranial humerus |
| Action of Pectoral Muscles | adduct limb, rotate limb inwards |
| Cutaneous Trunci | very thin, superficial sheet of muscle that covers the side of trunk and allows animals to twitch skin (Panniculus reflex) |
Created by:
kenziev47
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