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A+P INTRO & BONES
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | The study of form and structure Microscopic anatomy Macroscopic (gross) anatomy Regional anatomy Systemic anatomy |
| Physiology | The study of how anatomical structures function to sustain life |
| Microscopic anatomy | Seen with a microscope |
| Macroscopic (gross) anatomy | Seen with unaided eye Organs Muscles Bones |
| Cytology | Cyto- = cell |
| Histology | Histo- = tissue |
| Regional anatomy | Individual region Neck or abdomen, etc. Cells Tissues Blood vessels Nerves Muscles Organs Bones |
| Systemic anatomy | Individual system Skeletal system Integumentary system Nervous system Cardiovascular system Respiratory system Muscular system Endocrine system Lymphatic system Digestive system Urinary system Reproductive system |
| ANATOMICAL POSITION | Animal is Standing Head up Facing forward Often to left “Show” position |
| SAGITTAL PLANE | Runs through length of body Divides right from left |
| MEDIAN (MIDSAGITTAL) PLANE | Plane runs through length of body Divides left and right equally |
| TRANSVERSE PLANE | Plane runs across body Divides cranial and caudal Perpendicular transection of an appendage |
| DORSAL PLANE | Plane at right angle to sagittal and transverse planes Divides dorsal and ventral |
| Dorsal | Towards backbone Top/front surface of limb distal to carpus and tarsus |
| Ventral | Towards belly/bottom |
| Proximal | Extremity Towards body |
| Distal | Extremity Away from body |
| Caudal | Towards tail |
| Cranial | Towards head |
| Rostral | Reserved for head Towards nose |
| Medial | Towards median plane |
| Lateral | Away from median plane |
| Lingual | Towards the tongue |
| Labial | Towards the lips |
| Buccal | Towards the cheek |
| Palatal | Towards the palate |
| Internal | Deep |
| External | Superficial |
| Right | Always refers to the animal’s right |
| Left | Always refers to the animal’s left |
| Ventro-dorsal (VD) | laying on the animals backbone (dorsal) |
| Dorso-ventral (DV) | laying on the animals belly/bottom (ventral) |
| Right lateral view | laying on the animals right side |
| Left lateral view | laying on the animals left side |
| Axillary | Forelimb Armpit |
| Inguinal | Hindlimb Groin |
| Palmar | Bottom surface of the forelimb digits |
| Plantar | Bottom surface of the hindlimb digits |
| Carpus | Wrist Referred to as the knee in hoofed animals |
| Tarsus | Ankle/hock |
| Stifle | Knee (in small animals) Joint of femur and tibia |
| Antebrachium | Forelimb Radius and ulna |
| Metacarpal | Forelimb Between digits and carpus |
| Metatarsal | Hindlimb Between digits and tarsus |
| Summary of structural organization | Atom Molecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism |
| Cells | Basic units of life Specialized function |
| CELL MEMBRANE | Flexible, elastic barrier Between inner cytoplasm and outside environment Consists primarily of protein and phospholipids Also includes cholesterol, lipids, and carbohydrates |
| CYTOPLASM | Inner substance of the cell Principal components Cytosol Cytoskeleton Centrosome Organelles |
| CYTOSOL | The fluid of the cell Composition Dissolved electrolytes Amino acids Simple sugar Proteins (mostly enzymes) |
| CYTOSKELETON | Three-dimensional frame for the cell Gives support and shape to the cell Anchors the organelles |
| ORGANELLES | “Little organs” within cytoplasm Possess specialized cellular functions Mitochondria Ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus |
| MITOCHONDRIA | Largest of organelles Produce most of energy to fuel the cell Structure Outer membrane Inner membrane Cristae Matrix DNA, RNA, and enzymes |
| RIBOSOMES | Most common and smallest of organelles Important site for protein synthesis 2 globular subunits Protein Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) |
| ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) | Series of flattened tubes |
| Smooth ER | Synthesis and storage of lipids |
| Rough ER | Ribosomes on surface Protein production |
| GOLGI APPARATUS | Act as modification, packaging, and distribution center Molecules destined for secretion or for intracellular use Vesicles |
| LYSOSOMES | Specialized vesicles formed by Golgi apparatus Contains enzymes enclosed in protective membrane Functions- Break down nutrient molecules Digest cellular debris |
| THE NUCLEUS | Control center and largest organelle of the cell Dark-staining, ovoid, spherical, flattened, or multi-segmented Mature mammalian RBC are anucleated and mature avian and reptilian erythrocytes are nucleated Maintain heredity info (DNA) |
| ANATOMY OF THE NUCLEUS | Nuclear envelope or membrane Chromatin |
| Nucleoplasm | Gel-like substance similar to cytoplasm |
| Tissues | Groups of specialized cells Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscle tissue Nervous tissue |
| Organs | Groups of tissues that work together Single structures Brain Heart Uterus Occurring in pairs Eyes Lungs Kidneys |
| Systems | Groups of organs Involved in common set of activities Example is digestive system Obtaining food Digesting food Absorbing nutrients |
| HOMEOSTASIS | Maintenance of dynamic equilibrium Responsibility of the entire body All physiological processes maintain the body’s balance in the various Structures Functions Properties Makes life possible |
| Os | Os penis |
| Osteo- | Osteocytes |
| Condyle | Rounded articular surface |
| Head | Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck |
| Facet | Smooth Nearly flat articular surface |
| Tubercle | Small rounded projection |
| Tuberosity | Large rounded projection |
| Trochlea | Pulley shaped structure |
| Trochanter | Large, blunt, & irregularly shaped I.e., Femur |
| Processes | Projection or growth |
| Crest | A narrow ridge of bone Prominent |
| Spine | Sharp & slender Pointed projection |
| Epicondyle | Rough, raised area above condyle |
| Foramen | Hole or opening |
| Fossa | Depression in bone |
| Sinus | A cavity within a bone |
| Meatus | A canal-like passageway |
| Fibrous | Jagged and immovable Sutures of the skull |
| Cartilaginous | Symphysis Articulation held together by cartilage Slightly movable to immovable |
| Synovial | Articulation united by synovial joint capsule Movable |
| Long Bones | Longer than they are wide |
| Short Bones | Usually cube shaped Example- Carpal bones |
| Flat Bones | Thin and flat Example- Scapula |
| Irregular Bones | Sesamoid Bones embedded within a tendon or muscle Where tendons change directions markedly over a surface Example- Patella or Vertebrae |
| Cancellous | Light and spongy Tiny “spicules” of bone Appear randomly arranged |
| Compact | Heavy and dense Tiny, tightly compacted cylinders of bones Weight bearing |
| Periosteum | membrane covers the outer surfaces of bones Outer layer – fibrous tissue Inner layer – osteoblasts |
| Endosteum | membrane lines hollow interior surfaces |
| Diaphyses (diaphysis) | Shaft of bone |
| Metaphyses (metaphysis) | Transition between diaphysis and epiphysis |
| Epiphyses (epiphysis) | Growth plates |
| ARTICULAR SURFACE | Covered in hyaline cartilage Smooth areas of compact bone Where bones come in contact with each other |
| MEDULLARY CAVITY | Inner portion of bone Houses marrow Production site of RBC, WBC, & platelets |
| Skull | 37-38 separate bones |
| Brachycephalic | Short, broad skull |
| Mesocephalic | Neither short/wide nor long/narrow |
| Dolichocephalic | Long, narrow skull |
| Cranium | Surrounds the brain External Internal |
| Ossicles | Three tiny bones hidden in middle ear |
| Bones of the Face | External – landmark bones Internal – hidden bones |
| EXTERNAL BONES OF THE CRANIUM | Visible on the surface of an intact skull Occipital Interparietal bones Parietal bones Temporal bones Frontal bones |
| OCCIPITAL BONE | Unpaired structure Forms base of the skull |
| Foramen magnum | Spinal cord exits skull Two occipital condyles First cervical vertebra (atlas) articulates here |
| INTERPARIETAL BONES | Located along dorsal midline Between occipital and parietal Present in young animals May fuse to form one bone May be indistinguishable from parietal |
| PARIETAL BONES | Paired bones Form dorsolateral walls of cranium Large and well developed in dogs, cats, and humans Relatively small in horses and cattle Fusion of parietal bones forms sagittal suture |
| FRONTAL BONES | Paired Forms roof of cranium with parietal Exception – swine and cattle Forms rostral aspect of cranium Dorsomedial & posterior aspects of orbit Horn core develops here Paranasal (frontal) sinus contained within frontal bone |
| TEMPORAL BONES | Paired structures Form lateral walls of cranium Contain middle and inner ear structures Articulates with mandible |
| Tympanic bulla | Houses tympanic cavity External acoustic meatus Forms zygomatic arch with zygomatic bone |
| SPHENOID | Unpaired Internal floor of cranial vault Resembles butterfly or flying bat Forms bottom of cranium Sella turcica (or pituitary fossa) houses pituitary gland |
| ETHMOID BONE | Unpaired Rostral to sphenoid bone Contains cribriform plate Olfactory nerves to pass through |
| Ethmoturbinates | Separated by a perpendicular plate |
| THE BONES OF THE EAR | Reside in the tympanic cavity of the temporal bone Transmit vibrations |
| Malleus | hammer |
| Incus | Anvil |
| Stapes | stirrup |
| Bones of the Face - EXTERNAL | Incisive bones Nasal bones Dolichocephalic Brachycephalic Maxillary bones Lacrimal bones Zygomatic bones Mandible |
| INCISIVE (OR PREMAXILLA) | Houses upper incisors Except ruminants Anterior palatine foramen Palatine fissure |
| NASAL | Paired Forms dorsal wall of nasal cavity |
| MAXILLA (OR MAXILLARY) | Paired Palatine process Forms palate with premaxilla and palatine Infraorbital foramen |
| Palatine process | Forms palate with premaxilla and palatine |
| LACRIMAL | Paired Forms anterio- medial portion of orbit |
| Nasolacrimal canal | Allow passage of lacrimal duct |
| ZYGOMATIC (OR MALAR) | Paired Forms lateral boundary orbit Join with zygomatic process of temporal bone to form zygomatic arch |
| MANDIBLE | Paired United by symphysis Unpaired (fused) in horses and swine Forms temporomandibular joint (TMJ) |
| Ramus | Large caudal portion Site of muscle attachment |
| Condyloid & coronoid processes (mandible ) | Articulates with temporal bone Mental foramen Mandibular foramen |
| Bones of the Face- Internal | Palatine bones Pterygoid bones Vomer bone Turbinates |
| Turbinates | Nasal conchae |
| Vomer | Unpaired Located on the midline of the skull Completes ventral portion of nasal septum |
| Pterygoid | Paired Located just off of the midline of the skull Support part of the lateral walls of the pharynx |
| HYOID BONE (HYOID APPARATUS) | Single U-shaped bone Several portions united by cartilage Supports the base of the tongue, Pharynx, Larynx Aids in swallowing |
| VERTEBRAL (SPINAL) COLUMN | Series of vertebrae Five regions Cervical C(nearly all mammals have 7) Thoracic T(13 in the dog) Lumbar L(7 in the dog) Sacral S(3 in the dog) Caudal/coccygeal Ca or Cy(20-25 in the dog) |
| Singular Vertebrae | Vertebra |
| Body (Centrum) | Thick ventral portion of vertebrae |
| Arch | Dorsal portion over spinal cord |
| Vertebral foramen (canal) | Contains spinal cord |
| Spinous Process | Allow flexion of trunk Projects dorsally |
| Thoracic Spinous Process | Point caudally |
| Lumbar Spinous Process | Point cranially |
| Transverse process (vertebrae) | Extends laterally from vertebral body Landmarks for paravertebral blocks in cattle |
| INTERVERTEBRAL DISKS | Fibrocartilaginous cushions that separate vertebrae Think – Jelly donut |
| Atlas | C(1) First cervical vertebrae Lacks body and spine Broad, wing-like transverse processes |
| Transverse foramina | Blood supply to brain Present C(1-6) Articulates with occipital condyles |
| Axis | C(2) Large, thick spinous process |
| Odontoid process (dens) | Arises from cranial aspect of ventral body Fused body of atlas Provides axis for rotation of head and neck |
| Cervical Vertebrae | C3-C7 Very similar to each other Spinous process increase in size the farther caudal they go No transverse foramina on C7 |
| Lumbar Vertebrae | (L(1-7)) Largest of the vertebrae Long transverse processes that project cranially Embryonic remnant of rib Spinous process all point cranially |
| Anticlinal vertebra | Spinous process shorten and point cranially from this point |
| Prominent spinous process | Point caudally from T1-T10 |
| Transverse process of Thoracic Vertebrae | Articulates with tuberculum of ribs from T1-T11 |
| Dorsal & ventral foramina (sacrum) | Allow passage of spinal nerves between vertebrae |
| Sacrum/ Sacral Vertebrae | Three vertebrae fused (but varies among species) Smaller as move caudally Forms sacroiliac joint Sacrococcygeal blocks |
| CAUDAL (COCCYGEAL) VERTEBRAE | Smallest of all vertebrae Most variable in number between species Resemble typically vertebrae cranially Caudal- Reduced to cylindrical remnants of vertebral bod |
| Ribs | Flat bones Form lateral walls of thorax Number of pairs equals number of thoracic vertebrae Dorsal heads articulate with thoracic vertebrae |
| True Ribs | Attach individually to sternum |
| False Ribs | Attach to sternum via costal cartilage |
| Floating/ Vertebral Ribs | Final pair No sternal attachment |
| Costal cartilage | Ventral ends of ribs |
| Costochondral junction | Area where cartilage meets bony rib |
| Sternum | Composed of sternebrae Manubrium Body is segmented Forms floor of the thorax |
| Xiphoid process | Caudal portion Palpable Cartilaginous |
| Manubrium | Cranial portion of sternum |
| Pelvis | Comprised of four paired bones Ilium Ischium Pubis Acetabular bone |
| Acetabulum | Hip joint Site of attachment of femoral head Fusion of the Ilium, Ischium, Pubis, and Acetabular bones |
| Ilium | Most cranial bone Wing shaped lateral surface Tuber coxae Medially articulates with sacrum Cranial aspect of acetabulum |
| Tuber coxae | wing of the ilium |
| Ischium | Most caudal bone Caudal to obturator foramen Thick caudal protuberance Ischial/ischiatic tuberosity Forms caudal aspect of acetabulum |
| Pubis | Cranioventral portion of pelvic bone Cranial margin of obturator foramen Cranioventral aspect of acetabulum |
| Acetabular Bone | Located in center of acetabulum Fuses early in life Leaves no visible remnant of its margins |
| Obturator foramen (pelvis) | Large, round opening Located on floor of pelvis Paired Cranial- Pubic bone/pubis Caudal- Ischium Reduce weight of pelvi |
| Pelvic/pubic symphysis | Joins right & left halves of the pelvic girdle Formed by ischiatic & pubic bones |
| Thoracic Limb | No bony connection to the axial skeleton Humans & primates- Clavicle connects scapula to sternum Most other domestic animals- Arrangement of muscles & tendons connect forelimb to axial skeleton |
| CLAVICLE (COLLARBONE) | Present only in cat, birds, and primates Very thin bone Often embedded in muscle Forms attachment between scapula and manubrium |
| Scapula | Flat, triangular bone Articulates with humerus (Glenoid fossa/cavity) Attachment of shoulder muscles |
| Scapular spine/ Acromion process | Absent in horse Lateral stabilization of shoulder joint |
| Humerus | Articulates with three bones Proximally with scapula Distally with Radius and Ulna |
| Head of Humerus | Smooth, medial structure Articulates with glenoid fossa “Ball” of ball and socket joint |
| Greater tubercle/tuberosity (humerus) | Craniolateral surface Site of many muscle attachments |
| Deltoid tuberosity/ridge (humerus) | Lateral aspect of humerus Midshaft Site of attachment of deltoid muscle |
| Humoral condyle | Distal aspect of humerus Articulates with Radius (capitulum - craniolateral aspect) Ulna (trochlea - caudal medial aspect) |
| Olecranon fossa (humerus) | Caudal depression of distal humerus Receives olecranon on extension |
| Radial Fossa (Humerus) | Cranial depression of distal humerus Receives head of radius on flexion |
| Lateral Epicondyle (humerus) | Extensor condyle of humerus |
| Medial Epicondyle (humerus) | Attachment site of flexors of the forearm Flexor epicondyle |
| Supracondylar Foramen | Hole on medial surface of humerus in cats Allows passage of median nerve and brachial artery |
| Antebrachium | The forearm Radius Ulna |
| Radius | Primary weight bearing bone of forearm Short, Thick bone Starts laterally and courses medially Articulates proximally with humerus and ulna Distally with ulna and carpal bones |
| Head of radius | most proximal aspect Point of articulation with humerus |
| Radial Tuberosity | Point of insertion of biceps brachii tendon Point of attachment of biceps brachii tendon |
| Styloid Process (radius) | Most distal aspect Medial aspect of bone Point of articulation with radial and carpal bones |
| Ulna | Long thing bone of forearm Starts medially and courses laterally Articulates Proximally with humerus and radius Distally with radius and carpal bones |
| Olecranon (Ulna) | Proximal aspect of ulna "point of the elbow" |
| Trochlear Notch (Ulna) | also known as the semilunar notch depression in proximal end articulates with humerus |
| Anconeal Process (Ulna) | Proximal end of trochlear notch inserts into olecranon fossa on extension ununited anconeal process |
| Lateral & Medial Coronoid Processes (Ulna) | Distal end of trochlear notch Medial often fractures in young, large breed animals |
| Styloid process (Ulna) | Articulates with carpal bone |
| Radius and Ulna fused in the ____ & _____ Unable to rotate forearms | Horse & Ox |
| Carpus | Wrist/ knee (in horses) |
| Manus | whole front foot Carpal Metacarpal Phalanges |
| Carpal Bones | Seven bones divided into two rows Numerous species differences Same in the dog and cat |
| Proximal row of Carpal bones | Radial Ulnar Accessory |
| Radial Carpal Bone | Largest Most medial Articulates with radius |
| Ulnar Carpal Bone | Located laterally Articulates with ulna |
| Accessory Carpal Bone | Located on palmar aspect of carpus Articulates with ulnar carpal bone Only carpal bone with direct muscle attachments |
| Distal Row of Carpal Bones | Numbered I – IV (1-4) Medial to lateral |
| Metacarpal Bones of Dog & Cat | Five separate bones Numbered medial to lateral MC 1 forms part of dewclaw Bears no weight |
| Metacarpal Bones of Pig | Metacarpals 2-5 MC3 and MC4 bear weight MC2 and MC5 are reduced and bear no weight |
| Metacarpal Bones of Ruminants | Cattle, sheep, & goats have three metacarpal bones MC1 and MC2 are missing MC3 and MC4 are fused to form one bone Two distal articular surfaces MC5 is greatly reduced and a lateral surface |
| Metacarpal Bones of Horse | One large & two smaller bones MC3 MC2 & MC4 |
| MC3 of horse | Cannon bone Largest Weight bearing |
| MC2 & MC4 of horse | Fused to MC3 “Splint” bones |
| Digits of Dogs & Cats | Five total Called phalanges Numbered 1- 5 Medial to lateral Each digit Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx Ungual process (covered by horny claw) |
| Digit one in dogs and cats | Dewclaw |
| Singular digit | phalanx |
| Digits of Pigs | Four digits 1st is missing Digits 3 & 4 bear all weight Digits 2 & 5 are reduced to “Dewclaws” |
| Digits of Ruminants | Four digits 1st is missing Digits 3 & 4 bear all weight Digits 2 & 5 reduced or absent Dewclaw Vestigial structures May only be a horny claw |
| Digits of Horse | Only one digit (P3) |
| Proximal phalanx of horse is also called ____ | Long pastern |
| Middle phalanx of horse is also called _______ | Short pastern |
| Distal phalanx of horse is also called ________ | Coffin bone Looks like hoof |
| The Distal sesamoid of a horse is called _________ | Navicular bone |
| Femur | Heaviest bone in the body Articulates Proximally with the pelvis in acetabulum Coxofemoral joint Distally with tibia & patella Stifle joint |
| Head of Femur | Smooth proximal end |
| Fovea capitis | Hole in head Attaches to acetabulum |
| Greater trochanter of Femur | Large prominence Lateral to head Site of attachment for gluteal muscles |
| Lesser trochanter of Femur | Small prominence Distal to head of femur |
| Medial & Lateral Condyles of the Femur | Large prominences Distal end of femur Articulate with tibia |
| Femoral trochlea | Patellar surface Groove on cranial femur Patella rests here |
| Fabella | Medial and lateral sesamoid bones Caudal aspect of femur Embedded in gastrocnemius muscle Attached to femur by strong, ligamentous bands Not present in cattle or horses |
| Patella | Knee cap Largest sesamoid bone Articulates with patellar surface of femur Embedded in tendon of quadriceps femoris Major extensor of leg Smooth posterior surface located within the joint capsule |
| Tibia | Largest of the two lower leg bones Primary weight bearing bone of lower leg Located on medial aspect of distal hind limb Articulates Proximally with femur & fibula Distally with fibula & tibial tarsal bone |
| The tibia forms the ____ with the femur | Stifle |
| The tibia forms the ______ with the tarsus | Hock |
| Tibial Tuberosity | Large prominence Cranial/proximal aspect of tibia Site of insertion Patellar ligaments |
| Tibial crest | Continues distally from tibial tuberosity |
| Medial & lateral condyles of the tibia | Articulate with corresponding femoral condyles |
| Cochlea | Distal articulating surface with tibial tarsal bone |
| Medial malleolus (tibia) | Medially facing rounded process Distal end of the tibia |
| Fibula | Long, thin bone Minimal weight bearing Lateral surface of distal hind limb Articulates Proximally with tibia Distally with tibia & fibular tarsal bone Stabilizes joint & site of muscle attachment |
| Head of Fibula | Large, proximal prominence Site of attachment Lateral collateral ligament of stifle |
| Lateral Malleolus | Distal end of fibula Site of articulation with fibular tarsal bone |
| The fibula is present and complete in ____&______ | dogs & cats |
| The fibula is incomplete in ______&______ | cattle & horses |
| Tarsal Bones | Seven individual bones Arranged in two rows Or two and a half rows |
| Proximal row of tarsal bones | Talus Tibial tarsal bone |
| Calcaneus of tarsal bones | Process of the fibular tarsus “Point of the hock" |
| Metatarsal Bones | Very similar to metacarpal bones Major differences in dogs and cats |
| How many metatarsal bones do dogs and cats have? | Four metatarsal bones (II-V) |
| Phalanges of the Pelvic Limb | Very similar to phalanges of the thoracic limb Major differences in dogs and cats |
| How many digits do dogs and cats have in the pelvic limb? | Usually have four digits (II-V) |
| What are the 3 general classifications of joints? | Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial |
| Joints | Junctions between bones |
| Fibrous Joints are also called _________ | Synarthroses |
| Fibrous joints | Immovable joints Firmly united by fibrous tissue Examples: sutures of skull or equine splint bones |
| Cartilaginous joints are also called _________ | Amphiarthroses |
| Cartilaginous joints | Slightly movable joints Slight rocking movement Examples: intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis, mandibular symphysis |
| Synovial joints are also called _________ | Diarthroses |
| Synovial joints | Freely movable Articular surfaces on bones Articular cartilage covering articular surfaces Joint cavity – joint space Ligaments for stabilization |
| Joint cavity is found in _______ joints | Synovial |
| Joint cavity | Synovial membrane Synovial fluid |
| Flexion | Action of bending a joint, which decreases the angle between two bones Example: Bending your elbow or knee |
| Extension | Action of straightening a joint, increasing the angle between bones Example: straightening arm or leg |
| Abduction | Moving a limb or body part away from the midline Example: lifting your arm or leg out to the side away from the body |
| Adduction | Moving a limb or body part toward the midline Example: Bringing arm or leg back towards the body |
| Rotation | Twisting movement of a part on its own axis |
| Circumduction | Movement of an extremity so that distal end moves in a circle |
| hinge joints are also called __________ | Ginglymus joints |
| Hinge Joints/ Ginglymus Joints | One joint surface swivels around another Only flexion and extension movements Examples: elbow or joints of digits |
| Gliding joints are also called ________ | Arthrodial Joints |
| Gliding joints / Arthrodial joints | Rocking motion of one bone on another Primary motion of flexion and extension Some abduction and adduction possible Example: Carpus |
| Pivot joints are also called ______ | Trochoid joints |
| Pivot Joints/ Trochoid Joints | One bone rotates on another Rotation movement only Example: alantoaxial joint |
| Ball and Socket joints are also called ________ | Spheroidal joints |
| Ball and Socket Joints/ Spheroidal Joints | Allow all six types of synovial joint movements Examples: shoulder or hip |
| Ligaments | Attach bones to other bones |
| Tendons | Attach muscles to bones |
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