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AP Gov Unit 2 - Cong
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Enumerated powers | powers written in the Constitution |
| Implied powers | powers not specifically written in the Constitution but are inferred from the Necessary and Proper Clause |
| caucus | closed meetings of party members to select candidates or decide policy |
| constituent | a citizen that lives in the elected officials district/state |
| incumbent | someone running for re-election, they already hold the position |
| riders | extra provision added to a bill that usually has little or no connection to the main topic of the legislation (it "rides" on the bill) |
| omnibus bill (aka Christmas tree bill) | omnibus = all; a massive piece of legislation that combines multiple distinct measures, subjects, or spending bills into one package that receives a single "all-or-nothing" vote |
| filibuster | in the Senate, a tactic to prolong debate and delay or prevent a vote on a bill |
| cloture | a procedure to end debate/filibuster |
| conference committee | when a bill passed by both chambers on the same topic has variation in its wording, this committee meets to reconcile those differences |
| standing committee | a permanent committee in Congress that handles most legislative business |
| joint committee | includes both members from both House and Senate, oversee functions or conduct studies |
| select committee | temporary committee that studies 1 specific issue, usually a current event of great concern |
| discharge petition | in the House, a petition to have a bill brought to the floor for debate, but it is rarely done |
| discretionary spending | debated and passed through Congress (ex: defense, education, infrastructure) |
| mandatory spending | required by law (ex: entitlement programs and paying off the debt) |
| revenue | money coming into the government (ex: excise tax, social insurance tax), revenue bills must originate in the House |
| entitlement | programs "entitled" to those who qualify, such as Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid; in mandatory spending |
| pork barrel | funding for a local project in a larger appropriation bill (think "fat" added to the bill) |
| logrolling | exchange of political favors among legislators, such as trading votes, to gain support for legislation |
| impeachment | the House formally charges an official with abuse of power or misconduct |
| gridlock | a situation in which no congressional action on legislation can be taken due to a lack of consensus |
| gerrymandering | to draw a district’s boundaries to gain an advantage in elections (use packing and cracking) |
| redistricting | after reapportionment, to set up new district lines |
| reapportionment | after the census, the process of assigning representation based on population |
| lame duck | an elected official continuing in office during the period between an election and the start of term for a successor (typically Nov -Jan) |
| divided government | when one party controls the presidency and the other party controls at least one of the chambers of Congress |
| trustees | a representative who will vote on issues based on their own knowledge and judgement |
| delegate | a representative who sees themselves as an agent of those who elected them and will vote on issues based on the interests of their constituents |
| politico | a representative who uses a combination of delegate and trustee roles |
| Baker v Carr | SCOTUS case -- thought of as the OG gerrymandering case; precedent = redistricting did not raise political questions, in other words, allows federal courts to hear other cases that challenge redistricting plans that may violate the EPC of the 14th Am |
| Shaw v Reno | SCOTUS case -- race based gerrymandering; precedent - under the 14th Am EPC, majority-minority districts, created under the Voting Rights Act of 1965, may be constitutionally challenged by voters if race is the only factor used in creating the district |
| Article 1 | Constitutional article about the Legislative Branch |
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