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Anatomy Unit 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| anatomical position | standing upright and facing forward; head level and eyes forward; feet flat and directly forward, upper limbs at the sides with palms facing forward |
| prone | lying face down/on breastbone |
| supine | lying face up/on the spine |
| axial portion | head, neck, and trunk |
| appendicular portion | upper and lower limbs |
| dorsal cavity | cranial/vertebral (back) |
| ventral cavity | thoracic/abdominopelvic (front) |
| thoracic cavity | pleural cavities, mediastinum, pericardial cavity |
| abdominopelvic cavity | abdominal and pelvic cavities |
| liver, gallbladder, stomach, etc, reproductive, bladder, etc | organs in abdominopelvic cavity |
| serious membranes | thin slippery membranes associated with body cavities |
| parietal | membrane that lines cavity wall |
| visceral | membrane that covers organs |
| serious fluid | membrane that reduces friction of layers |
| superior | toward the head |
| inferior | toward the feet |
| anterior | toward the front |
| posterior | toward the back |
| medial | toward the midline |
| lateral | away from the midline |
| intermediate | between a medial and lateral structure |
| ipsilateral | on the same side |
| contralateral | on opposite sides |
| proximal | closer to limb attachment/origin |
| distal | farther from limb attachment/origin |
| superficial | toward the body surface |
| deep | away from the body |
| sagittal | divides the body into right and left portions |
| midsagittal | through the midline; equal right and left portions |
| parasagittal | unequal right and left portions |
| frontal/coronal | anterior and posterior portions |
| transverse/horizontal | superior and inferior portions |
| oblique | passes through the body at an angle |
| right upper quadrant | most of the liver |
| left upper quadrant | |
| right lower quadrant | appendix |
| left lower quadrant | |
| right hypochondriac | |
| epigastric | |
| left hypochondriac | |
| right lumbar | |
| umbilical | |
| left lumbar | |
| right iliac/inguinal | |
| hypogastric/pubic | |
| left iliac/inguinal | |
| midclavicular lines | vertical lines through midpoint of each clavicle |
| subcostal line | inferior to the ribs |
| transtubercular line | horizontal lines just inferior to iliac tubercles |
| tissue | group of cells similar in structure that perform a common or related function |
| connective tissue | support, protection, binding |
| muscle tissue | movement |
| nervous tissue | communication/control |
| tight junction | seals neighboring cells and helps prevent passage/leakage between cells |
| adherent junction | helps neighboring cells stick together; associated with microfilaments and cadherins |
| desmosome | strong cell-to-cell attachment; helps resist mechanical stress; associated with intermediate filaments/keratin |
| hemidesmosome | anchors epithelial cells to the basement membrane; uses integrins |
| gap junction | direct communication; allows small molecules and ions to move between neighboring cells |
| epithelial tissue | responsible for covering, lining, secretion |
| apical surface | faces body surface, cavity or lumen of duct |
| lateral surface | faces/contacts adjacent cells |
| basal surface | attached to basement membrane |
| basement membrane | attaches epithelium and separates it from underlying connective tissue |
| basal lamina | what is secreted by epithelial cells? |
| reticular laminata | what contains connective tissue protein fibers? |
| epithelial | which tissue is avascular? |
| epithelial | which tissue receives nutrients/oxygen by diffusion? |
| epithelial | which tissue is innervated? |
| covering/lining of epithelium | forms continuous sheets with little intercellular space and specializes in protection, absorption, and secretion? |
| first term=number of layers; second term=cell shape | how does naming work for epithelial cells? |
| simple | one layer |
| pseudostratified | one layer that appears multilayered |
| stratified | 2 or more layers |
| squamous | flat/thin |
| cuboidal | about as tall as it is wide |
| columnar | taller than it is wide |
| transitional | surface cells change shape with stretching |
| simple squamous | single flat and thin cells |
| stratified squamous | multi-layered flat cells |
| simple columnar | single layer that could have goblet cells or microvilli or cilia |
| simple cuboidal | single layer as tall as it is wide; nuclei round and centrally located |
| example simple squamous | alveoli, blood vessels, serous membranes |
| simple squamous function | diffusion and filtration |
| example stratified squamous | skin, mouth, esophagus |
| stratified squamous function | protection |
| example simple columnar | stomach intestines, uterus, uterine tubes, parts of respiratory tract |
| simple columnar function | absorption, secretion, mucus transport |
| example simple cuboidal | kidney tubules, small gland ducts, surface of ovaries |
| glandular epithelium | specialized epithelial tissue involved in secretion |
| endocrine glands | ductless; hormones released into bloodstream |
| exocrine glands | uses ducts; releases secretions onto a surface or into a cavity/lumen |
| goblet cell | unicellular exocrine gland |
| multicellular | most exocrine glands are __________ |
| simple | unbranched |
| compound | branched |
| tubular | tube shaped |
| acinar | rounded like berries |
| simple tubular | example large intestine |
| simple branded tubular | example gastric glands |
| simple could tubular | example sweat glands |
| simple branched acinar | example sebaceous glands |
| compound tubular | example bulbourethral glands |
| compound acinar | example mammary glands |
| compound tubuloacinar | example pancreas |
| merocrine glands | responsible for secretion by exocytosis; majority of exocrine glands |
| apocrine glands | accumulates product at apical surface; apical portion pinches off |
| holocrine glands | cell accumulates product, dies, ruptures, and is released |
| connective tissue function | protects, supports, binds, transports, immunity |
| loose connective tissue | fibers are loosely arranged |
| dense connective tissue | more fibers and are thicker and densely packed |
| areolar connective tissue | most widely distributed tissue, intercellular; consists of collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibers; packing material |
| adipose connective tissue | contains mainly fat cells; found around heart and kidneys, marrow of long bones, subcutaneous layer of skin, padding around joints |
| reticular connective tissue | consists of network of branching reticular fibers; framework of spleen, or reticular laminate of basement membrane |
| hyaline cartilage | most abundant cartilage in body |
| fibrocartilage | scattered through visible thick bundles of collagenous fibers |
| elastic cartilage | chondrocytes located in threadlike network of elastic fibers; provide strength and shape |
| mucous membrane | epithelial layer and connective tissues; goblet cells; lines body cavity opening directly to exterior; protective and tight junctions |
| serous membrane | lines body cavity and doesn't open to exterior; covers organs within the cavity |
| cutaneous membrane | skin; dense irregular tissue and areolar tissue |
| synovial membrane | lines joints and has connective tissue; no epithelium; lines cavities of freely movable joints and doesn't open to exterior; no epithelium |
| function of areolar connective tissue | strength, elasticity, support (subcutaneous layer of skin) |
| function of adipose connective tissue | protection, insulation, support, reserve food |
| function of reticular connective tissue | defense against microbes and other injurious substances; removes worn RBC |
| dense regular connective tissue | matrix consists mainly of bundles of collagenous fibers and few fibroblast cells; |
| dense irregular connective tissue | irregular, not uniform in arrangement; often in sheets; fascia and pericardium |
| elastic connective tissue | mainly elastic fibers; fibroblasts between them |
| dense regular connective tissue function | furnish flexible but strong connection |
| dense irregular connective tissue function | provide tensile strength in many directions |
| elastic connective tissue function | allow stretching of organs, strong but recoil to same shape |
| collagen fibers | strong and resist pulling |
| elastic fibers | stretch and recoil |
| reticular fibers | fine supporting network |
| skeletal muscle tissue | striated/voluntary |
| cardiac muscle tissue | striated/involuntary/intercalated discs |
| smooth muscle tissue | non-striated/involuntary/spindle-shaped |
Created by:
auweb921
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