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bio 240 units 0 + 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| triglycerides | glycerol + 3 fatty acids which function as long - term storage in adipose connective tissue, structural support, cushioning, insulation |
| phospholipids | glycerol, 2 fatty acids, a phosphate group, and various organic groups which make up plasma membrane |
| steroids | 4 rings composed predominantly of hydrocarbons that differ in side chains extending from the rings functioning for cholestrol, hormones, and formation of micelle in digestion |
| eicosanoids | 20 carbon fatty acids acting as local signaling molecules in all body systems |
| glycogenesis | when blood glucose levels drop between meals, glycogen is hydrolyzed and released into blood |
| passive transport | transport process that does NOT require energy because it goes ALONG concentration gradient (goes from HIGH to LOW) |
| active transport | transport process that DOES require energy because it goes AGAINST concentration gradient (from LOW to HIGH) |
| simple diffusion | movement of small nonpolar molecules across membrane unassisted as it is unregulated by concentration gradient |
| facilitated diffusion | occurs when small solutes are blocked from passing through plasma membrane by membrane |
| aquaporins | integral protein water channels used to alter the amount of water crossing the plasma membrane by changing the number of aquaporins |
| primary active transport | uses energy by ATP |
| secondary active transport | uses energy by kinetic energy |
| interstitial growth | long bone's growth in length |
| appositional growth | bone's growth in diameter/thickness |
| zone of resting cartilage | cartilage attaches to epiphysis (zone farthest from medullary cavity of diaphysis and closest to epiphysis) |
| zone of proliferating cartilage | rapid mitotic cell division, enlarge slightly, and become aligned in lacunae into longitudinal columns like a stack of coins (2nd zone closest to epiphysis) |
| zone of hypertonic cartilage | chondrocytes stop dividing and enlarge in size (hypertrophy). the walls of lacunae thin out and chondrocytes resorb matrix |
| zone of calcified cartilage | composed of 2-3 layers of chondrocytes. minerals are deposited in the matrix between columns of lacunae. the calcification limits nutrient diffusion which causes destruction of chondrocytes + makes matrix opaque |
| zone of ossification | walls break down and longitudinal channels are formed. osteoprogenitor cells are developed into osteoblast cells. (zone farthest from epiphysis and closest to meduallary cavity |
| osteoprogenitor cells | cells that differentiate into osteoblasts |
| osteoblasts | specialized cells responsible for creating new bone tissue and repairing skeletal damage |
| osteocytes | cells derived from osteoblasts responsible for regulating the onset of bone formation and resorption |
| osteoclasts | specialized multi-nucleated giant cells that break down and resorb tissue to support growth, repair, and remodeling |
| mechanical stress (load) | happens in the form of weight - bearing movement exercise |
| growth hormone | stimulates liver to produce insulin growth factors which causes cartilage proliferation at epiphyseal plate + bone elongation |
| thyroid hormone | stimulates bone growth supporting metabolic rate of osteoblasts |
| calcitonin | promotes calcium deposition in bone + inhibits osteoblast activity (has minimal effects in adulthood) |
| sex hormones | stimulates osteoblasts + promotes epiphyseal plate growth / closure |
| parathyroid hormone | increases blood calcium levels by encouraging bone resorption by osteoclasts |
| calcitriol | increases blood calcium levels by encouraging bone resorption by osteoclasts + stimulating absorption of calcium ions from the small intestine into the blood |
| glucocorticoids | increase bone loss (in children it impairs bone growth in response to chronically high levels of glucocorticoids) |
| serotonin | inhibits osteoprogenitor cells from differentiating osteoblasts |
| hematopoiesis | formation and development of blood cells |
| calcium | essential mineral for such body functions like muscle contraction and blood clotting |
| phosphate | structural component of ATP, nucleotides, and phospholipids |
| diaphysis | the shaft/central portion of bone |
| medullary cavity | cylindrical space within diaphysis |
| proximal epiphysis | the end of long bone closest to bone trunk |
| distal epiphysis | end of long bone farthest from the trunk of bone |
| articular cartilage | thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the join surface of epiphysis |
| metaphysis | region of long bone where the widen and transfers forces between diaphysis and epiphysis |
| epiphyseal line | remnant of epiphyseal plate that remains when long bone growth ceases (thin and defined area of compact bone) |
| periosteum | thick and fibrous membrane covering external surface of bone except for articular cartilage on epiphysis |
| perforating fibers | the collagen fibers anchoring the periosteum to bone |
| endosteum | layer of cells lining the inner surface of bone in medullary cavity |
| bone vascularization | having many blood vessels |
| nutrient formation | only one nutrient artery enters and one nutrient vein exits the bone via a small opening or hole |
| red bone marrow | contains connective tissue, developing blood cells, and adipocytes |
| yellow bone marrow | fatty substance which fills medullary cavity of long bones + epiphyseal inner cores |
Created by:
caroline d'silva
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