Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
bio 240 units 0 + 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| triglycerides | glycerol + 3 fatty acids which function as long - term storage in adipose connective tissue, structural support, cushioning, insulation |
| phospholipids | glycerol, 2 fatty acids, a phosphate group, and various organic groups which make up plasma membrane |
| steroids | 4 rings composed predominantly of hydrocarbons that differ in side chains extending from the rings functioning for cholestrol, hormones, and formation of micelle in digestion |
| eicosanoids | 20 carbon fatty acids acting as local signaling molecules in all body systems |
| glycogenesis | when blood glucose levels drop between meals, glycogen is hydrolyzed and released into blood |
| passive transport | transport process that does NOT require energy because it goes ALONG concentration gradient (goes from HIGH to LOW) |
| active transport | transport process that DOES require energy because it goes AGAINST concentration gradient (from LOW to HIGH) |
| simple diffusion | movement of small nonpolar molecules across membrane unassisted as it is unregulated by concentration gradient |
| facilitated diffusion | occurs when small solutes are blocked from passing through plasma membrane by membrane |
| aquaporins | integral protein water channels used to alter the amount of water crossing the plasma membrane by changing the number of aquaporins |
| primary active transport | uses energy by ATP |
| secondary active transport | uses energy by kinetic energy |
| interstitial growth | long bone's growth in length |
| appositional growth | bone's growth in diameter/thickness |
| zone of resting cartilage | cartilage attaches to epiphysis (zone farthest from medullary cavity of diaphysis and closest to epiphysis) |
| zone of proliferating cartilage | rapid mitotic cell division, enlarge slightly, and become aligned in lacunae into longitudinal columns like a stack of coins (2nd zone closest to epiphysis) |
| zone of hypertonic cartilage | chondrocytes stop dividing and enlarge in size (hypertrophy). the walls of lacunae thin out and chondrocytes resorb matrix |
| zone of calcified cartilage | composed of 2-3 layers of chondrocytes. minerals are deposited in the matrix between columns of lacunae. the calcification limits nutrient diffusion which causes destruction of chondrocytes + makes matrix opaque |
| zone of ossification | walls break down and longitudinal channels are formed. osteoprogenitor cells are developed into osteoblast cells. (zone farthest from epiphysis and closest to meduallary cavity |
| osteoprogenitor cells | cells that differentiate into osteoblasts |
| osteoblasts | specialized cells responsible for creating new bone tissue and repairing skeletal damage |
| osteocytes | cells derived from osteoblasts responsible for making up 90 - 95% of adult bone formation |
| osteoclasts | specialized multi-nucleated giant cells that break down and resorb tissue to support growth, repair, and remodeling |
| mechanical stress (load) | happens in the form of weight - bearing movement exercise |
| growth hormone | stimulates liver to produce insulin growth factors which causes cartilage proliferation at epiphyseal plate + bone elongation |
| thyroid hormone | stimulates bone growth supporting metabolic rate of osteoblasts |
| calcitonin | promotes calcium deposition in bone + inhibits osteoblast activity (has minimal effects in adulthood) |
| sex hormones | stimulates osteoblasts + promotes epiphyseal plate growth / closure |
| parathyroid hormone | increases blood calcium levels by encouraging bone resorption by osteoclasts |
| calcitriol | increases blood calcium levels by encouraging bone resorption by osteoclasts + stimulating absorption of calcium ions from the small intestine into the blood |
| glucocorticoids | increase bone loss (in children it impairs bone growth in response to chronically high levels of glucocorticoids) |
| serotonin | inhibits osteoprogenitor cells from differentiating osteoblasts |
| hematopoiesis | formation and development of blood cells |
| calcium | essential mineral for such body functions like muscle contraction and blood clotting |
| phosphate | structural component of ATP, nucleotides, and phospholipids |
| diaphysis | the shaft/central portion of bone |
| medullary cavity | cylindrical space within diaphysis |
| proximal epiphysis | the end of long bone closest to bone trunk |
| distal epiphysis | end of long bone farthest from the trunk of bone |
| articular cartilage | thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the join surface of epiphysis |
| metaphysis | region of long bone where the widen and transfers forces between diaphysis and epiphysis |
| epiphyseal line | remnant of epiphyseal plate that remains when long bone growth ceases (thin and defined area of compact bone) |
| periosteum | thick and fibrous membrane covering external surface of bone except for articular cartilage on epiphysis |
| perforating fibers | the collagen fibers anchoring the periosteum to bone |
| endosteum | layer of cells lining the inner surface of bone in medullary cavity |
| bone vascularization | having many blood vessels |
| nutrient formation | only one nutrient artery enters and one nutrient vein exits the bone via a small opening or hole |
| red bone marrow | contains connective tissue, developing blood cells, and adipocytes |
| yellow bone marrow | fatty substance which fills medullary cavity of long bones + epiphyseal inner cores |
| anterograde transport | the movement of materials from the cell body toward synaptic knobs |
| retrograde transport | the movement of materials from synaptic knobs toward cell body |
| fast axonal transport | a type of retrograde transport mechanism that involves along mictrotubules |
| slow axonal transport | movement that results from the flow of the axoplasm |
| multipolar neuron | multiple processes extend directly from the cell body (many dendrites and one axon) - most common type of neuron |
| bipolar neuron | two processes extend directly from the cell body (one dendrite and one axon) |
| unipolar neuron | single short process that extends directly from the cell body and is shaped like a T as a result of the fusion of two processes into one long axon |
| anaxonic neuron | processes that are only dendrites (just the dendrites and cell body, no axon) |
| sensory neuron (afferent) | neurons of the sensory nervous system responsible for relaying sensory input from either somatic sensory or visceral sensory receptors towards the CNS (axon of sensory neurons are within sensory nerves and mixed nerves) - most sensory neurons are unipolar |
| motor neurons (efferent) | neurons of the motor nervous system responsible for relaying motor output away from the CNS to both somatic and autonomic (visceral) effectors |
| interneurons (association) | located entirely within the CNS - they receive sensory input from sensory neurons and initiate motor output to motor neurons |
| glial cells | nervous system cells that support neurons |
| astrocytes | most abundant glial cells in the CNS which function in helping the blood brain barrier, regulate interstitial fluid composition, form structural support, assist in neuronal development, alter synaptic activity, and occupy the space of dying neurons |
| ependymal | relates to the cellular lining of brain ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord (also assists in production + circulation of CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)) |
| microglia | category of small glial cells in the CNS which wander and exhibit phagocytic activity |
| oligodendrocytes | a type of glial cells in the CNS that wrap around and insulate the axons |
| satellite cells | flattened cells arranged around neuronal cell bodies in a ganglion |
| neurolemmocytes (Schwann cells) | elongated and flattened cells that wrap around and insulate axons within the PNS to form a myelin sheath through MYELINATION |
| myelin | the insulating covering around the axon that consists of repeating concentric layers of plasma membrane of glial cells |
| myelination | the process by which part of an axon is wrapped with myelin |
| neurilemma | used to describe the thin rim of cytoplasm and nucleus on the periphery of a neurolemmocyte |
| neurofibril | the filamentous protein structure in a neuron composed of neurofilaments that form gaps between neurolemmocytes |
| unmyelinated axons | unmyelinated axons associated with neurolemmocytes to help protect and support the axon |
| multiple sclerosis | autoimmune disorder in which there is progressive demyelination of neurons |
| Guillain Barre syndrome | autoimmune disorder due to inflammation that causes the loss of myelin surrounding neurons |
| neurotransmitter | chemical released from a neuron that binds to receptors of another cell to initiate a cellular change |
| acetylcholine | neurotransmitter produced by the CNS and PNS |
| biogenic amines | derived from certain amino acids by the removal of a carboxyl group and the addition of another functional group by enzymatic pathways within the cytosol of a neuron |
| neuromodulation | the release of chemicals from cells that locally regulate or alter the response of neurons to neurotransmitters |
Created by:
caroline d'silva
Popular Anatomy sets