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Anatomy Blood
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Composition of plamsa | - 90% water - proteins - wastes, nutrients, electrolytes, gases, hormones |
| proteins of plasma | - 60% albumin - globulins - fibrinogen - MOSTLY PRODUCED BY LIVER |
| Albumin | - osmotic pressure; buffer; and transporter |
| globulins | transport proteins and antibodies |
| fibrinogen | clotting |
| normal ranges | - hematocrit: 47% for males, 42% for females - RBCs: 4-6 million - WBCs: 4800-10800 - Platelets: 150000-400000 |
| granulocytes | - neutrophils - eosinophils - basophils |
| agranulocytes | - lymphocytes - monocytes |
| neutrophils | - very phagocytic - "bacteria slayers" |
| eosinophils | - digest parasites that are to big to be phagocytized - allergy, asthma, and immune responses |
| basophils | - Histamine: inflammation; vasodilator and attracts other WBCs to inflamed sites - Heparine: anticoagulant |
| lymphocytes | - crucial to immunity |
| monocytes | - Differentiate into macrophages - phagocytic - Activate lymphocytes to mount an immune response |
| hematopoiesis | - blood cell formation - Occurs in red bone marrow of axial skeleton, girdles and proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur |
| erythropoiesis | - formation of red blood cells - Balance of RBC production and destruction depends on EPO (in kidney) - EPO make maturation of cells more rapid - testosterone enhances EPO production |
| platelets | - megakaryocyte breaks down and small fragments are platelets - forms temporary plug that seals breaks in blood vessels (clotting) |
| RBC function | - transport oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| thrombus | - clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel |
| embolus | - a thrombus freely floating in the blood stream |
| DIC | - Widespread clotting blocks intact blood vessels - severe bleeding due to no clotting - mostly seen in pregnancy complications or incompatible blood transfusions |
| hemophilia | prolonged bleeding, especially into joint cavitie |
| polycythemia | excess of RBCs that increase blood viscosity |
| thrombocytopenia | deficient number of circulating platelets |
| leukemia | bone marrow full with cancerous leukocytes |
| erythroblastosis fetalis | Rh- exposed to Rh+ |
| types of anemias | - hemorrhagic anemia: acute or chronic loss of blood - Iron-deficiency anemia: Not enough iron - Pernicious anemia: Deficiency of vitamin B12 - renal anemia: lack of EPO |
| types of anemias II | - aplastic anemia: Destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow - thalassemias: absent or faulty globin chain - sickle cell anemia: Defective gene codes for abnormal hemoglobin (HbS) |
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