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AP Gov Unit 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Limited government | a Democratic ideal that all government's power cannot be absolute (leaders power is limited) |
| natural rights | a Democratic ideal that all people have certain rights that cannot be taken away |
| popular sovereignty | a Democratic ideal that all government power comes from the consent of its people (power to the people) |
| republicanism | democratic principle that the will of the people is reflected in government debates and decisions by their representatives (consent of the governed) |
| social contract | an implicit agreement among the people in a society to give up some freedoms to maintain social order |
| participatory democracy | emphasizes broad participation in politics and civil society where citizens vote directly for laws; ex: possible at state/local level like in a town hall |
| pluralist democracy | emphasizes group-based activism by non-governmental interests striving for impact on political decision making allowing many people to voice their interests, preventing wealthy from grabbing all the power Ex: interest groups |
| elite democracy | emphasizes limited participation in politics and civil society because elected reps make decisions for people who elected them, Ex: Electoral College |
| Shay's Rebellion | 1786-1787 rebellion led by Daniel Shays and other ex-Rev War soldiers-turned farmers who opposed state economic policies causing poverty and property foreclosures. Significance = showed weakness of Art of Conf and gave Fed argument for stronger fed gov |
| Great (Connecticut) Compromise | Compromise of Virginia plan (favored large states and reps in proportion to states population) + NJ Plan (favored small states and equal votes per state) = Developed a bicameral legislature. Virginia plan inspires the HR. NJ plan inspires the Senate. |
| 3/5 Compromise | Enslaved people were counted as 3/5 of a person in the South where slaves made up 40% of the population. Affecting representation in the House |
| Exclusive powers | powers held by only 1 level of government, typically used to reference the federal govt |
| Concurrent powers | powers shared between state and federal government. Ex: collect taxes, make and enforce laws, power to build roads |
| enumerated powers | powers written in the Constitution |
| implied powers | powers not specifically written in the Constitution but are inferred from the Necessary and Proper Clause |
| reserved powers | powers not delegated or enumerated to the national government but are reserved to the states (10th Amendment) |
| commerce clause | gives the national government the power to regulate interstate commerce (defined more in US v Lopez) |
| Necessary and proper clause | aka the elastic clause, gives Congress the power to make laws related to carrying out its enumerated powers (defined more in McCulloch v Maryland) |
| Federalism | system of government in US, power is shared between the national/state/local governments |
| Revenue Sharing | national funding with almost no restrictions to the states on its use (least used form of funding) |
| Block Grants | national funding with minimal restrictions to the states on its use (preferred by the states ) |
| Categorical Grants | national funding that is restricted to specific categories of expenditures (preferred by the national government -- most commonly used form of funding) |
| Mandates | requirements by the national government of the states (can be Funded and unfunded) |
| McCulloch v Maryland | SCOTUS case -- Maryland tries to tax a national bank. Precedent = supremacy of the Constitution and federal laws over state laws (Supremacy Clause); evaluated the idea of federalism; the necessary and proper clause gives Congress implied powers |
| US v Lopez | SCOTUS case -- a student brought a weapon to school and was charge under the federal Gun Free School Zones Act. Precedent = Congress exceeded its power under the Commerce Clause when it made possession of a gun in a school zone a federal crime. |
| Declaration of Independance | Drafted by Jefferson (with help from Adams and Franklin), breaks the US up from England. Restates the philosophy of natural rights, and provides a foundation for popular sovereignty. |
| Gettysburg Address | written by Lincoln, delivered during the Civil War, reaffirmed equality and popular sovereignty (mentioned in the Dec of Ind) as defining foundations of democracy |
| Articles of Confederation | US first attempt at government, established a confederal government, had many weaknesses and didn't last. Not enough power to the national government, no power to tax or form an army |
| Constitution | Drafted by Madison at the Constitutional Convention, an ex of a social contract and est a system of limited government. Provides the blueprint for a unique form of democratic government in the US. 7 articles, 27 amendments |
| Federalist No. 10 | written by Madison, a Federalist; supports the ratification of the Constitution and explain how a large republic guards against the dangers of political factions |
| Brutus No. 1 | written by "Brutus", an anti-federalist; argues against ratifying the Constitution because the proposed national government would be too large and powerful |
| Federalist No. 39 | explains that this division of authority combines national and state features to limit the concentration of power in any one part of the government while also allowing multiple access points for political participation |
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