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Vet A&P Chapter 2
Veterinary Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Adipose Tissue | Body fat tissue made mostly of cells that store energy, cushion organs, and help with insulation; this connective tissue consists primarily of adipocytes that maintain energy reserves and provide thermal regulation. |
| Apical Surface | The top side of an epithelial cell that faces a body cavity, organ interior, or the outside environment where substances enter or exit. |
| Areolar Tissue | Soft, stretchy packing tissue with loosely arranged fibers, several cell types, and abundant gel-like substance that fills spaces between organs. |
| Avascular | Having no blood vessels or lacking direct blood supply, describing tissues that depend on nearby structures for nutrients. |
| Basal surface | The bottom side of epithelial cells that attaches to the basement membrane and connects to underlying connective tissue. |
| Basement membrane | A thin support layer under epithelial cells that acts like a specialized mesh anchoring epithelium to connective tissue and guiding cell growth. |
| Brush border | A fuzzy edge made of tiny projections on some cells that greatly increases surface area for absorption through dense collections of microvilli. |
| Cardiac Muscle | Heart muscle tissue that is striated and involuntary, found only in the heart and specialized for continuous rhythmic contraction. |
| Cartilage | Firm but bendable support tissue that resists compression and provides smooth joint surfaces and structural support throughout the body. |
| Chondrocyte | A cartilage cell that lives in small spaces within the cartilage matrix and maintains the tissue structure. |
| Cilia | Tiny hairs on cell surfaces that move in coordinated waves to transport mucus or fluid along tissue surfaces. |
| Collagenous Fiber | Strong support fibers made of thick collagen that resist stretching and provide high tensile strength to connective tissues. |
| Connective Tissue | The body's support and framework tissue made of cells, fibers, and gel-like substance that supports, connects, and protects other tissues and organs. |
| Cutaneous Membrane | Another name for skin, consisting of epithelial and connective tissue layers that form the outer covering of the body. |
| Dense Irregular Connective Tissue | Tough tissue with thick collagen bundles arranged randomly to resist stress from multiple angles and provide durability |
| Dense Regular Connective Tissue | Strong tissue with collagen fibers arranged in parallel bundles that provide great tensile strength along one direction |
| Desmosome (DEZ-moh-sohm) | Strong links between neighboring cells using protein connections that firmly anchor epithelial cells to each other for structural integrity |
| Edema | Swelling from extra fluid in tissues due to accumulation of excess fluid in the spaces between cells |
| Effusion | Extra fluid inside a body cavity due to abnormal accumulation of fluid within spaces such as the chest abdomen, or joints |
| Elastic Fiber | Stretchy support fibers made of elastin that can stretch and return to their original length, providing flexibility to tissues |
| Endocrine Gland | Gland that releases hormones directly into the blood through ductless structures that secrete hormones into nearby capillaries for body-wide transport |
| Epithelial Tissue | Tissue that covers surfaces and line spaces, consisting of sheets of tightly joined cells that cover body surfaces, lines cavities, and form glands |
| Epithelialization | New surface cells growing over a wound through migration and multiplication of epithelial cells across a wound bed to recover the surface |
| Exocrine Gland | Gland that sends its product through ducts, releasing secretions through tubular structures onto body surfaces or into body cavities |
| Extracellular Matrix | Material around cells in connective tissue consisting of non-living mixture of fibers and gel-like substance that gives connective tissue its strength and properties |
| Exudate (EKS-yoo-dayt) | Thick fluid that leaks from inflamed tissue, consisting of protein-rich fluid that escapes from vessels during inflammation and often contains cells and debris |
| Fibroblast | A cell that builds connective tissue by producing fibers and gel-like substance for the structural framework around cells |
| Fibrocartilage | Very tough cartilage with dense collagen fibers that resists strong pressure and pulling forces in high-stress areas |
| Fibrous Adhesion | Bands of scar tissue that stick structures together, forming abnormal connections between tissues or organs, usually after inflammation or procedures |
| Fibrin | Stringy protein that makes clots firm by forming an insoluble protein meshwork in blood clots and wound beds |
| Fibrinogen | A clotting protein in the blood that is a soluble plasma protein converted to fibrin during clot formation processes |
| First-Intention Healing | Healing of a wound with edges neatly closed, where wound edges are brought together with minimal tissue loss, leading to rapid healing and little scarring |
| Gap Junction | Tiny channels that let neighboring cells communicate by allowing ions and small molecules to pass directly between cells through protein channels |
| Goblet Cell | A mucus-producing cell that functions as a single-cell gland secreting mucus onto epithelial surfaces for protection and lubrication |
| Granulation Tissue | New pink tissue that fills a wound, consisting of vascular, fibrous connective tissue that forms during healing to fill tissue defects |
| Ground Substance | Gel-like filing between cells and fibers that holds water and allows nutrients and waste to move between blood and cells in connective tissue |
| Haversian Canal | Channel in bone that contains vessels and nerves, serving as central canals in compact bone that carry blood vessels and nerves along the bone's length |
| Hemorrhaging | Active bleeding from ongoing loss of blood from damaged blood vessels, either internally or externally visible |
| Hemostasis | The body's way of stopping bleeding through processes including vessel constriction, platelet plugging, and clot formation that control blood loss after vessel injury |
| Histamine | A chemical that causes redness and swelling, released mainly by certain cells as an inflammatory mediator that increases vessel permeability and causes blood vessel dilation |
| Histology | Study of tissues under a microscope through microscopic examination of tissue structure and organization for diagnostic purposes |
| Hyaline Cartilage | Smooth, glassy joint cartilage with a glossy appearance and fine collagen fibers covering joint surfaces and supporting structures like the airway |
| Infection | Germs growing in the body where they should not be, involving invasion and multiplication of harmful organisms like bacteria, viruses, or fungi in body tissues |
| Inflammation | The body's response to injury or irritation involving local tissue reaction with redness, heat, swelling, and pain due to increased blood flow and vessel leakiness |
| Innervated | Supplied with nerves, describing a tissue or structure that receives nerve fibers for sensation and function |
| Lacunae | Tiny spaces that bone or cartilage cells sit in, consisting of small cavities within bone or cartilage matrix that house living cells |
| Macrophage | A big cleanup cell that engulfs harmful materials, functioning as a large cell that consumes pathogens, dead cells, and debris |
| Mast Cell | Immune cell full of histamine granules, consisting of connective tissue cells containing granules of histamine and other substances involved in inflammation and allergic responses |
| Microvilli | Tiny fingerlike projections on cells that increase surface area, consisting of microscopic extensions of the cell membrane that greatly increase surface area for absorption |
| Mucous Membrane | Moist lining inside body openings, consisting of epithelial membrane lining cavities that open to the outside, such as the mouth, nose, and digestive tract |
| Mucus | Thick, slippery body fluid that is a viscous secretion produced by specialized cells and glands that protects and lubricates surfaces |
| Neutrophil | A white blood cell that fights germs, functioning as a type of immune cell that is a primary responder in acute inflammation and defense against bacteria |
| Osteoblast | A cell that builds new bone by producing bone matrix and promoting mineralization during bone formation and repair processes |
| Osteoclast | A cell that breaks down bone, functioning as a large cell that removes bone matrix during normal remodeling and repair processes |
| Osteocyte | A mature bone cell living in bone, functioning as a bone cell that maintains bone tissue while housed in small spaces and connected via tiny channels |
| Pathogen | A germ that can cause disease, consisting of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi capable of causing illness in animals |
| Peritoneum | Thin lining inside the abdomen that is a membrane lining the abdominal cavity and covering abdominal organs for protection and lubrication |
| Peritonitis | Inflammation of abdominal lining, often associated with infection or leakage of irritating substances into the abdominal cavity |
| Pleura | Lining around the lungs and inside the chest wall, consisting of membrane that covers the lungs and lines the chest cavity for protection and lubrication |
| Proud Flesh | Extra bumpy healing tissue that grows above the skin surface, consisting of excessive repair tissue that protrudes beyond wound edges, especially common in horses |
| Pus | Thick fluid from an infected area, consisting of collection of dead white blood cells, tissue debris, and microorganisms within a fluid medium |
| Second-Intention Healing | Healing of a wound left open to fill in over time, where wound edges are not closed and healing occurs through tissue formation, contraction, and surface coverage |
| Serous Membrane | Smooth lining inside closed body cavities that is a thin membrane lining sealed internal cavities like the chest and abdomen, producing lubricating fluid |
| Serous Secretion | Thin, watery body fluid that is clear, watery fluid produced by certain membranes and glands for lubrication and protection |
| Skeletal Muscle | Muscle that moves the bones, consisting of striated voluntary muscle attached to cones and responsible for body movement and posture maintenance |
| Smooth Muscle | Muscle inside organs that works automatically, consisting of non-striated, involuntary muscle found in walls of hollow organs and blood vessels |
| Synovial Membrane | Lining inside movable joints that is connective tissue membrane lining joint capsules and producing lubricating fluid for smooth joint movement |
| Tight Junction | Seal between cells that prevents leaks, where adjacent cell membranes fuse to form a barrier preventing fluid and molecule movement between cells |
| Vascularized (VAS-kyoo-lar-ized) | Having plenty of blood vessels, describing tissue with an abundant blood supply for nutrition and waste removal |
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