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BIO104 - A&P 2 DR. T
BIO104 CH15 - DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (practice quiz MEDIUM)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| BIO104 CH15 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (GEMINI created MEDIUM Practice Quiz) | |
| Which two secretions are produced by gastric parietal cells, and what are their primary biological functions? - A) Pepsinogen (digests protein) and Mucus (protects mucosa) - B) Hydrochloric acid (activates pepsinogen) and Intrinsic factor (facilitates B12 absorption) - C) Gastrin (increases motility) and Secretin (stimulates pancr | B |
| Deficiency of intrinsic factor impairs Vitamin B12 absorption, leading to which clinical condition? - A) Scurvy - B) Pernicious anemia - C) Night-blindness - D) Rickets | B |
| What mechanism enables bile to assist in lipid digestion? - A) Chemical cleavage of covalent lipid bonds - B) Detergent-like emulsification that spreads fat globules into smaller droplets - C) Conversion of triglycerides into glucose - D) Acidification of chyme in the stomach | B |
| How is pepsin activated in the gastric lumen? - A) Enterokinase cleaves pepsinogen in the duodenum - B) Parietal cells secrete HCl, which converts chief cell-secreted pepsinogen into pepsin - C) Gastrin directly binds pepsinogen to activate it - D) Bile salts hydrolyze pepsinogen | B |
| What trigger stimulates cholecystokinin (CCK) release, and what are its target actions? - A) Acidic chyme; stimulates HCl release - B) Proteins and fats in the duodenum; causes gallbladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion - C) Starvation; increases salivary secretion - D) Low blood glucose; decreases stomach motility | B |
| What physiological trigger stimulates secretin release, and what is its primary effect? - A) Acidic chyme entering the duodenum; stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate secretion - B) Fat in the stomach; stimulates parietal cell HCl release - C) Protein in the mouth; stimulates pepsinogen release - D) Distension of the colon; stimulates defecation | A |
| How do energy yields compare per gram between dietary fats and carbohydrates/proteins? - A) Fats yield 4.1 cal/g; carbohydrates/proteins yield 9.5 cal/g - B) Fats yield 9.5 cal/g; carbohydrates/proteins yield 4.1 cal/g - C) All macronutrients yield equal energy per gram - D) Fats yield 12.0 cal/g; carbohydrates/proteins yield 2.0 cal/g | B |
| Which teeth are characterized as "hybrids" (4 upper, 4 lower per jaw) adapted for crushing and grinding? - A) Incisors - B) Canines - C) Bicuspids (premolars) - D) Molars | C |
| How many sequential sphincters are identified along the digestive tract? - A) 3 - B) 4 - C) 6 - D) 8 | C |
| What is the second sphincter (Sphincter #2) located at the entrance to the esophagus? - A) Oral sphincter - B) Upper esophageal sphincter - C) Lower esophageal sphincter - D) Pyloric sphincter | B |
| What type of muscle controls the external subdivision of the anal sphincter (Sphincter #6)? - A) Involuntary smooth muscle - B) Voluntary skeletal muscle - C) Cardiac muscle - D) Visceral smooth muscle | B |
| Why are animal protein sources designated as complete proteins? - A) They contain no dietary cholesterol - B) They supply all essential amino acids in required proportions - C) They provide double the caloric value of plant proteins - D) They pass directly into capillaries without digestion | B |
| Why are plant protein sources designated as incomplete proteins? - A) They cannot be broken down by human proteases - B) They lack one or more essential amino acids - C) They inhibit intrinsic factor production - D) They lack dietary fiber | B |
| Under what primary metabolic state are amino acids deaminated and oxidized for energy? - A) Immediately after a carbohydrate-rich meal - B) During starvation when glycogen and fat reserves are depleted - C) During sleep - D) Whenever insulin levels are high | B |
| What specific physiological role does Vitamin A play in visual function? - A) Synthesizes visual pigments for the retina to prevent night-blindness - B) Enhances blood clotting in retinal vessels - C) Promotes calcium deposition in the lens - D) Forms collagen fibers in the cornea | A |
| What is the metabolic function of Vitamin D in bone health? - A) Prevents night-blindness - B) Stimulates calcium absorption in the small intestine - C) Coenzyme for cellular energetics - D) Forms skin keratin | B |
| What is the primary structural role of Vitamin C? - A) Required for collagen production to maintain connective tissues - B) Required for prothrombin synthesis - C) Required for ATP formation in mitochondria - D) Required for rhodopsin synthesis | A |
| What is the primary function of Vitamin K? - A) Required by the liver for prothrombin synthesis in blood clotting - B) Promotes calcium absorption - C) Prevents night-blindness - D) Acts as an antioxidant in cell membranes | A |
| What metabolic role do B-complex vitamins perform? - A) Serve as coenzymes in cellular energy metabolism and nutrient oxidation - B) Synthesize visual pigments - C) Harden tooth enamel - D) Promote blood coagulation | A |
| How does a peristaltic rush lead to diarrhea? - A) Inhibits pancreatic lipase secretion - B) Sweeps chyme through the intestine too rapidly for adequate water and electrolyte absorption - C) Stimulates excess acid output in the stomach - D) Reverses chyme flow back into the stomach | B |
| What primary role does mucus serve in the large intestine? - A) Neutralizes stomach acid - B) Binds fecal material together and lubricates the mucosal surface - C) Digests leftover dietary proteins - D) Synthesizes Vitamin B12 | B |
| Which lipoprotein class extracts excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues and transports it to the liver? - A) VLDL - B) LDL - C) HDL - D) Chylomicron | C |
| Which lipoprotein class delivers cholesterol to peripheral cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis? - A) HDL - B) LDL - C) Chylomicron - D) VLDL | B |
| How do chylomicrons exit enterocytes and enter general circulation? - A) Diffuse directly into capillary blood - B) Exocytose into lymphatic lacteals - C) Travel via the hepatic portal vein - D) Enter the gastric lumen | B |
| What role does mucosal enterokinase play in protein digestion? - A) Activates pepsinogen to pepsin - B) Activates pancreatic trypsinogen to active trypsin - C) Converts peptide bonds to glycogen - D) Neutralizes hydrochloric acid | B |
| Why are pancreatic proteolytic enzymes stored as inactive zymogens inside acinar cells? - A) To prevent auto-digestion of pancreatic cellular tissue - B) To maintain low intracellular pH - C) To facilitate active transport into blood - D) To synthesize glycogen | A |
| What anatomical feature makes the small intestine the primary site of absorption? - A) It has the thickest serosa - B) Its extensive length and mucosal modifications (villi/microvilli) maximize surface area - C) It produces hydrochloric acid - D) It lacks smooth muscle layers | B |
| Which portion of the digestive tract absorbs the majority of water and electrolytes to consolidate waste? - A) Stomach - B) Small intestine - C) Large intestine - D) Esophagus | C |
| What is the liver's role in lipid digestion? - A) Secretes gastric lipase - B) Produces bile containing bile salts to emulsify fats - C) Stores triglycerides long-term - D) Absorbs chylomicrons directly from the gut | B |
| What function does the gallbladder perform between meals? - A) Synthesizes bile - B) Stores and concentrates bile until stimulated by CCK - C) Secretes pancreatic enzymes - D) Absorbs dietary proteins | B |
| What is the primary motor movement of the small intestine that mixes chyme with digestive enzymes? - A) Peristaltic rush - B) Segmentation - C) Deglutition - D) Mastication | B |
| What component of gastric juice protects the stomach lining from self-digestion by acid and pepsin? - A) Alkaline mucus secreted by mucous cells - B) Intrinsic factor - C) Hydrochloric acid - D) Gastrin | A |
| What is the role of pancreatic lipase? - A) Hydrolyzes starch to maltose - B) Hydrolyzes triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol - C) Hydrolyzes peptide bonds in proteins - D) Converts trypsinogen to trypsin | B |
| How does the liver participate in blood filtering? - A) Kupffer cells in sinusoids phagocytize damaged red blood cells and foreign material - B) Parietal cells filter stomach acid - C) Chief cells secrete urea into blood - D) Lacteals filter chylomicrons | A |
| Which dietary fats are considered most beneficial for cardiovascular health? - A) Monounsaturated fats from plant sources - B) Saturated fats from animal sources - C) Trans-fatty acids - D) Cholesterol | A |
| Why is dietary cholesterol restricted to animal products? - A) Plants lack the metabolic pathways to synthesize cholesterol - B) Plant cholesterol is destroyed by stomach acid - C) Animal cholesterol is water-soluble - D) Plants convert all cholesterol into cellulose | A |
| Why does dietary cellulose pass through the human GI tract undigested? - A) Humans lack enzymes capable of hydrolyzing its chemical bonds - B) Cellulose is destroyed by salivary amylase - C) It is absorbed intact in the stomach - D) Bile salts neutralize cellulose | A |
| Which sphincter prevents acid reflux into the esophagus (Sphincter #3)? - A) Upper esophageal sphincter - B) Lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter - C) Pyloric sphincter - D) Ileocecal sphincter | B |
| Which sphincter controls the rate of chyme passage into the duodenum (Sphincter #4)? - A) Lower esophageal sphincter - B) Pyloric sphincter - C) Ileocecal sphincter - D) Anal sphincter | B |
| Which sphincter prevents backflow of fecal material from the cecum into the ileum (Sphincter #5)? - A) Pyloric sphincter - B) Ileocecal sphincter - C) Internal anal sphincter - D) Cardiac sphincter | B |
| Which teeth are specialized for biting off pieces of food? - A) Incisors - B) Canines - C) Premolars - D) Molars | A |
| Which teeth are specialized for grasping and tearing tough food? - A) Incisors - B) Canines (cuspids) - C) Molars - D) Premolars | B |
| Which layer of a tooth contains blood vessels and nerves? - A) Enamel - B) Dentin - C) Central pulp cavity - D) Cementum | C |
| What causes dental caries (cavities)? - A) Acid produced by oral bacteria metabolizing sugars - B) Excess pepsin production - C) Bile regurgitation - D) Mucus breakdown | A |
| What is the function of the hormone gastrin? - A) Inhibits gastric gland secretion - B) Stimulates gastric glands to increase output and increases stomach motility - C) Triggers gallbladder relaxation - D) Inhibits intestinal peristalsis | B |
| What is the role of enterokinase in pancreatic enzyme activation? - A) Converts pepsinogen to pepsin - B) Converts trypsinogen into trypsin in the intestinal lumen - C) Converts starch to maltose - D) Emulsifies fat | B |
| What structural feature of the small intestine villus absorbs fat breakdown products? - A) Blood capillary network - B) Central lymphatic lacteal - C) Intestinal gland - D) Nerve plexus | B |
| How do short-chain fatty acids differ from long-chain fatty acids during absorption? - A) Short-chain fatty acids enter blood capillaries directly; long-chain fatty acids enter lacteals as chylomicrons - B) Short-chain fatty acids require bile salts; long-chain fatty acids do not - C) Short-chain fatty acids enter lymph; long-chain fatty acids enter stomach - D) Both are packaged identically into chylomicrons | A |
| What is the function of the uvula during deglutition? - A) Closes off the trachea - B) Elevates to close off the nasopharynx - C) Opens the lower esophageal sphincter - D) Propels food into the esophagus | B |
| What type of movement in the alimentary canal consists of alternating muscular contractions that mix contents without moving them forward? - A) Peristalsis - B) Segmentation - C) Deglutition - D) Mastication | B |
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