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BIO104 - A&P 2 DR. T
BIO104 CH14-1 LYMPHATIC SYS pptx
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| BIO104 CH14 (PART1) LYMPHATIC SYSTEM MULTIPLE CHOICE | |
| The lymphatic system is considered: A. Part of the digestive system B. A type of nervous system C. A second circulatory system D. A type of endocrine system | C. A second circulatory system |
| One major function of lymphatic vessels is to: A. Produce red blood cells B. Carry excess tissue fluid away from interstitial spaces and return it to the blood C. Pump blood to the lungs D. Produce digestive enzymes | B. Carry excess tissue fluid away from interstitial spaces and return it to the blood |
| What do lacteals transport? A. Oxygen B. Hormones C. Absorbed fats/lipids D. Red blood cells | C. Absorbed fats/lipids Lacteals = Lipids |
| Where are lacteals located? A. In the spleen B. In lymph nodes C. In the large intestine D. In the villi of the small intestine | D. In the villi of the small intestine |
| Lymph nodes contain which cells that help defend the body against disease? A. Erythrocytes B. Lymphocytes C. Platelets D. Osteocytes | B. Lymphocytes |
| A disease-causing organism is called a: A. Toxin B. Antibody C. Pathogen D. Plasma protein | C. Pathogen |
| A toxin is best described as a: A. Disease-causing organism B. Chemical that can cause harm or disease C. Type of lymphocyte D. Plasma protein | B. Chemical that can cause harm or disease |
| Which sequence correctly shows the general lymphatic pathway? A. Lymphatic trunks → capillaries → vessels → veins B. Lymphatic capillaries → larger vessels → lymphatic trunks → veins C. Veins → trunks → lymphatic capillaries → vessels D. Lymphatic vessels → arteries → trunks → capillaries | B. Lymphatic capillaries → larger vessels → lymphatic trunks → veins |
| Lymphatic trunks eventually empty lymph into veins located in the: A. Abdominal cavity B. Pelvic cavity C. Thoracic cavity D. Cranial cavity | C. Thoracic cavity |
| Lymphatic capillaries are composed primarily of: A. Smooth muscle cells B. Epithelial cells C. Endothelial cells D. Connective tissue cells | C. Endothelial cells |
| Tissue fluid becomes lymph when it: A. Leaves a blood capillary B. Enters an interstitial space C. Enters a lymphatic capillary D. Enters a lymph node | C. Enters a lymphatic capillary |
| The LOCATION changes the NAME. Blood plasma → Tissue fluid → Lymph → Blood | Inside blood vessel = plasma Outside blood vessel around cells = tissue/interstitial fluid Inside lymphatic capillary = LYMPH |
| What can occur when too much fluid remains in the interstitial spaces? A. Hemostasis B. Hemolysis C. Edema D. Leukocytosis | C. Edema |
| What is the primary function of lymphatic trunks? A. Produce lymphocytes B. Drain lymph from lymphatic vessels C. Produce tissue fluid D. Filter blood | B. Drain lymph from lymphatic vessels |
| Which collecting duct drains the RIGHT side of the head and neck, RIGHT arm, and RIGHT thorax? A. Thoracic duct B. Right lymphatic duct C. Left lymphatic duct D. Subclavian duct | B. Right lymphatic duct RIGHT lymphatic duct = RIGHT upper corner Right head/neck + right arm + right thorax. |
| The right lymphatic duct empties into the: A. Left subclavian vein B. Right subclavian vein C. Superior vena cava D. Right jugular vein | B. Right subclavian vein |
| Which collecting duct drains the MAJORITY of the body? A. Right lymphatic duct B. Left lymphatic duct C. Thoracic duct D. Axillary duct | C. Thoracic duct |
| The thoracic duct empties into the: A. Right subclavian vein B. Left subclavian vein C. Inferior vena cava D. Pulmonary vein | B. Left subclavian vein |
| Which structure FIRST receives lymph in the lymphatic flow pathway? A. Lymphatic capillary B. Lymph node C. Lymphatic trunk D. Collecting duct | A. Lymphatic capillary |
| After leaving a lymphatic capillary, lymph next enters a(n): A. Efferent lymphatic vessel B. Afferent lymphatic vessel C. Lymphatic trunk D. Collecting duct | B. Afferent lymphatic vessel |
| Which vessel carries lymph INTO a lymph node? A. Efferent lymphatic vessel B. Afferent lymphatic vessel C. Collecting duct D. Subclavian vein | B. Afferent lymphatic vessel AFFERENT ARRIVAL @node |
| Which vessel carries lymph AWAY from a lymph node? A. Afferent lymphatic vessel B. Efferent lymphatic vessel C. Lymphatic capillary D. Subclavian vein | B. Efferent lymphatic vessel EFFERENT EXITS node |
| What comes immediately after the afferent lymphatic vessel in the lymphatic flow pathway? A. Collecting duct B. Lymphatic trunk C. Lymph node D. Subclavian vein | C. Lymph node |
| What comes immediately after lymph passes through a lymph node? A. Afferent lymphatic vessel B. Collecting duct C. Efferent lymphatic vessel D. Subclavian vein | C. Efferent lymphatic vessel |
| Which sequence correctly shows lymph flow? A. Lymph node → afferent vessel → efferent vessel → capillary B. Lymphatic capillary → afferent vessel → lymph node → efferent vessel C. Afferent vessel → capillary → node → efferent vessel D. Efferent vessel → lymph node → afferent vessel → capillary | B. Lymphatic capillary → afferent vessel → lymph node → efferent vessel |
| After lymph leaves an efferent lymphatic vessel, it eventually enters a: A. Blood capillary B. Lymph node C. Lymphatic trunk D. Artery | C. Lymphatic trunk |
| THE LYMPHATIC FLOW: | Capillary → Afferent → Node → Efferent → Trunk → Duct → Subclavian vein |
| Tissue fluid is made primarily from water and dissolved substances that leave: A. Lymph nodes B. Lymphatic vessels C. Blood capillaries D. Veins | C. Blood capillaries |
| Tissue fluid is very similar to blood plasma EXCEPT tissue fluid normally lacks: A. Water B. Electrolytes C. Nutrients D. Large plasma proteins | D. Large plasma proteins *Large proteins = TOO BIG to get through the capillary wall. |
| What creates plasma colloid osmotic pressure that draws fluid back into blood capillaries? A. Platelets B. Red blood cells C. Plasma proteins D. Lymphocytes | C. Plasma proteins |
| Tissue fluid forms because filtration from plasma normally occurs to a greater extent than: A. Diffusion B. Osmosis C. Reabsorption D. Phagocytosis | C. Reabsorption |
| Increasing tissue-fluid hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid through flaps into the: A. Blood capillaries B. Veins C. Lymphatic capillaries D. Arteries | C. Lymphatic capillaries |
| Small proteins that leave the blood are primarily returned to the bloodstream through the: A. Arteries B. Heart C. Lymphatic system D. Respiratory system | C. Lymphatic system |
| Lymph transports bacteria and viruses to lymph nodes primarily for: A. Reproduction and storage B. Absorption and digestion C. Recognition and destruction D. Oxygenation and circulation | C. Recognition and destruction |
| What pressure helps drive tissue fluid into lymphatic capillaries? A. Blood osmotic pressure B. Tissue-fluid hydrostatic pressure C. Atmospheric pressure D. Systolic pressure | B. Tissue-fluid hydrostatic pressure |
| Which activity helps move lymph through lymphatic vessels? A. Red blood cell production B. Platelet aggregation C. Skeletal muscle contraction D. Antibody destruction | C. Skeletal muscle contraction |
| Which of the following helps move lymph? A. Skeletal muscle contraction only B. Breathing movements only C. Smooth muscle contraction only D. Skeletal muscle contraction, breathing movements, and smooth muscle contraction | D. Skeletal muscle contraction, breathing movements, and smooth muscle contraction *MOVE your muscles + BREATHE = MOVE your lymph |
| What is the function of valves within lymphatic vessels? A. Increase blood pressure B. Filter pathogens C. Prevent backflow of lymph D. Produce lymphocytes | C. Prevent backflow of lymph |
| Edema is the accumulation of fluid in the: A. Blood vessels B. Heart C. Interstitial spaces D. Alveoli | C. Interstitial spaces |
| Why can removal or damage of lymphatic vessels during breast cancer surgery cause edema? A. Blood pressure decreases B. Red blood cell production stops C. Lymph flow can become obstructed, causing fluid to accumulate in tissues D. Plasma proteins increase dramatically | C. Lymph flow can become obstructed, causing fluid to accumulate in tissues |
| Lymphatic tissue contains which cells? A. Erythrocytes and platelets B. Neutrophils only C. Lymphocytes, macrophages, and other cells D. Osteocytes and chondrocytes | C. Lymphocytes, macrophages, and other cells |
| Unencapsulated lymphatic tissue associated with the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems is called: A. MHC B. GALT C. MALT D. HAI | C. MALT TIP: MALT = Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue |
| Which of the following are encapsulated lymphatic organs? A. Tonsils, appendix, and Peyer’s patches B. Tonsils, thymus, and appendix C. Lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen D. Spleen, appendix, and Peyer’s patches | C. Lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen |
| Lymph nodes are located: A. Only in the abdominal cavity B. Inside blood vessels C. In groups or chains along lymphatic vessels D. Only in the thoracic cavity | C. In groups or chains along lymphatic vessels |
| What is the indented/concave area of a lymph node called? A. Cortex B. Sinus C. Hilum D. Nodule | C. Hilum |
| Blood vessels, nerves, and efferent lymphatic vessels enter or exit the lymph node at the: A. Convex surface B. Capsule C. Hilum D. Sinus | C. Hilum |
| Afferent lymphatic vessels enter a lymph node at the: A. Hilum B. Indented surface C. Convex surface D. Medulla | C. Convex surface Afferent ARRIVES → convex/bulging surface Efferent EXITS → hilum/concave/indented |
| Lymph nodes are covered by a: A. Serous membrane B. Mucous membrane C. Connective tissue capsule D. Smooth muscle capsule | C. Connective tissue capsule |
| Extensions of the connective tissue capsule divide the lymph node into lymphatic nodules and spaces called: A. Lacteals B. Villi C. Sinuses D. Alveoli | C. Sinuses ** sinuses = spaces |
| Which two important immune cells are found in lymph nodes and act as surveillance? A. Erythrocytes and platelets B. Basophils and erythrocytes C. Lymphocytes and macrophages D. Platelets and mast cells | C. Lymphocytes and macrophages |
| What happens to lymph as it flows through lymph nodes? A. It becomes blood plasma B. It absorbs dietary fats C. It is filtered, removing many pathogens D. It becomes tissue fluid | C. It is filtered, removing many pathogens |
| Which cells in lymph nodes are particularly associated with engulfing pathogens? A. Erythrocytes B. Platelets C. Macrophages D. Osteocytes | C. Macrophages *MACROPHAGE = “BIG EATER” |
| Filtered lymph leaves a lymph node through which vessel? A. Afferent lymphatic vessel B. Efferent lymphatic vessel C. Blood capillary D. Lymphatic capillary | B. Efferent lymphatic vessel |
| What are the TWO major functions of lymph nodes? A. Produce RBCs and transport oxygen B. Absorb fats and produce hormones C. Filter lymph and provide immune surveillance/defense D. Produce bile and filter blood | C. Filter lymph and provide immune surveillance/defense *NODE = 2 JOBS = FILTER + FIGHT |
| Why are lymphocytes located in lymph nodes? A. To produce tissue fluid B. To transport oxygen C. To help recognize and respond to foreign substances/pathogens D. To produce platelets | C. To help recognize and respond to foreign substances/pathogens |
| The thymus is especially important because it provides an environment for: A. B-cell antibody production B. T-cell maturation/development C. Red blood cell destruction D. Fat absorption | B. T-cell maturation/development |
| THYMUS = T-CELL SCHOOL 🎓 | Immature lymphocyte goes to T-cell school → graduates as a mature T cell. |
| Which lymphatic organ contains lymphocytes and macrophages that help defend against pathogens in the blood? A. Lacteal B. Thoracic duct C. Spleen D. Right lymphatic duct | C. Spleen *blood = spleen |
| Which statement correctly compares the spleen and lymph nodes? A. Both primarily filter blood B. The spleen filters lymph, while lymph nodes filter blood C. The spleen filters blood, while lymph nodes filter lymph D. Neither has a filtering function | C. The spleen filters blood, while lymph nodes filter lymph |
| A structure contains lymphocytes and macrophages and filters pathogens from lymph flowing through it. Which structure is being described? A. Thymus B. Spleen C. Lymph node D. Lacteal | C. Lymph node |
| A lymphatic organ is removing old erythrocytes and filtering pathogens from the blood. Which organ is performing these functions? A. Thymus B. Lymph node C. Tonsil D. Spleen | D. Spleen |
| What do lymph nodes remove from lymph before the lymph is returned to the blood? A. Red blood cells and platelets B. Hormones and antibodies C. Bacteria and cellular debris D. Oxygen and carbon dioxide | C. Bacteria and cellular debris |
| What does “immune surveillance” mean in the lymph nodes? A. Producing red blood cells B. Monitoring body fluids for harmful substances C. Moving lymph back toward the heart D. Absorbing dietary fats | B. Monitoring body fluids for harmful substances TIP: SURVEILLANCE = WATCHING |
| During immune surveillance, lymphocytes and macrophages are on the lookout for: A. Oxygen, nutrients, and hormones B. Red blood cells, platelets, and plasma C. Pathogens, toxins, and cancer D. Fats, proteins, and carbohydrates | C. Pathogens, toxins, and cancer |
| What do macrophages in lymph nodes engulf and destroy? A. Healthy red blood cells only B. Antibodies and lymphocytes C. Foreign particles, debris, and damaged cells D. Plasma proteins and hormones | C. Foreign particles, debris, and damaged cells |
| T cells that mature in the thymus learn to react against: A. All body cells B. Self-antigens only C. Foreign antigens displayed to them on MHC proteins D. Red blood cells only | C. Foreign antigens displayed to them on MHC proteins |
| What does MHC stand for? A. Major humoral complex B. Macrophage histamine complex C. Major histocompatibility proteins D. Memory helper cell proteins | C. Major histocompatibility proteins MHC = “SHOWS” the antigen to the T cell. |
| T cells in “thymus school” learn to be reactive against foreign antigens ONLY when the antigens are: A. Floating freely in blood B. Attached to antibodies C. Displayed on MHC proteins D. Inside red blood cells | C. Displayed on MHC proteins |
| What hormones secreted by the thymus influence the maturation of T lymphocytes? A. Cytokines B. Histamines C. Immunoglobulins D. Thymosins | D. Thymosins *THYMUS → THYMOSINS → T CELLS |
| What is the largest lymphatic organ in the body? A. Thymus B. Lymph node C. Tonsil D. Spleen | D. Spleen |
| Pathogens are: A. Chemicals that cause disease B. Disease-causing agents or organisms C. Antibodies that attack foreign cells D. Cells that produce immunity | B. Disease-causing agents or organisms |
| What can occur when pathogens are present and multiply in the body? A. Immunization B. Hemostasis C. Infection D. Edema | C. Infection |
| Which of the following can be pathogens? A. Bacteria only B. Viruses and bacteria only C. Fungi and protozoans only D. All of the above | D. All of the above |
| What are the TWO basic mechanisms of defense against pathogens? A. Active and passive B. Natural and artificial C. Innate/nonspecific and adaptive/specific D. Cellular and chemical | C. Innate/nonspecific and adaptive/specific |
| Which terms mean the same type of defense? A. Innate, adaptive, and specific B. Innate, nonspecific, and general C. Adaptive, nonspecific, and general D. Passive, innate, and specific | B. Innate, nonspecific, and general |
| Innate defenses guard against: A. Only one specific pathogen B. Many types of pathogens C. Viruses only D. Bacteria only | B. Many types of pathogens |
| Innate defenses discriminate between pathogens based on their specific antigens: A. Always B. Only after previous exposure C. They do not discriminate based on antigens D. Only during fever | C. They do not discriminate based on antigens |
| How long does it take innate/nonspecific defenses to respond? A. Very slowly B. Only after a second exposure C. Quickly D. Only after antibodies form | C. Quickly |
| Which list contains innate/nonspecific defenses? A. Antibodies, B cells, and memory cells only B. Species resistance, mechanical barriers, chemical barriers, NK cells, inflammation, phagocytosis, and fever C. Vaccines, antibodies, and memory cells D. T cells, B cells, and plasma cells only | B. Species resistance, mechanical barriers, chemical barriers, NK cells, inflammation, phagocytosis, and fever |
| Adaptive defenses are also called: A. General defenses B. Mechanical defenses C. Specific defenses or immunity D. Species resistance | C. Specific defenses or immunity |
| Adaptive/specific defenses respond against: A. Every pathogen in the same way B. Only a specific type of pathogen C. Damaged red blood cells only D. Tissue fluid only | B. Only a specific type of pathogen |
| Compared with innate defenses, adaptive defenses respond: A. More quickly B. More slowly C. At exactly the same speed D. Only during fever | B. More slowly |
| Adaptive/specific defenses are accomplished by specialized: A. Erythrocytes B. Platelets C. Lymphocytes D. Fibroblasts | C. Lymphocytes |
| Specialized lymphocytes involved in adaptive defenses secrete: A. Histamine or heparin only B. Fibrin or plasma C. Cytokines or antibodies D. Hydrochloric acid or pepsin | C. Cytokines or antibodies |
| Species resistance is a type of: A. Adaptive defense B. Artificial immunity C. Innate/nonspecific defense D. Passive immunity | C. Innate/nonspecific defense |
| What is species resistance? A. One person becoming resistant after vaccination B. A species being resistant to diseases that affect other species C. Antibodies attacking self-antigens D. T cells remembering a previous pathogen | B. A species being resistant to diseases that affect other species |
| Which of the following can contribute to species resistance? A. Memory B cells B. Different chemical environments C. Antibody injections D. Vaccinations | B. Different chemical environments |
| How can body temperature contribute to species resistance? A. All pathogens require high temperatures B. It causes antibodies to disappear C. The body's temperature may not provide the conditions required by a pathogen D. It prevents lymph from moving | C. The body's temperature may not provide the conditions required by a pathogen |
| Which factor can prevent a particular pathogen from infecting a species? A. Too many lymph nodes B. Increased antibody transfer C. Absence of receptors for that particular pathogen D. Increased red blood cell production | C. Absence of receptors for that particular pathogen *RECEPTOR = DOOR |
| Species resistance = | Different chemical environment Wrong body temperature for pathogen No receptor for pathogen to enter |
| Mechanical barriers are part of which type of defense? A. Adaptive/specific B. Innate/nonspecific C. Artificial passive D. Artificial active | B. Innate/nonspecific |
| What is the purpose of mechanical barriers? A. Produce antibodies B. Destroy old red blood cells C. Prevent entry of certain pathogens by physically separating them from internal tissues D. Produce memory cells | C. Prevent entry of certain pathogens by physically separating them from internal tissues |
| Which structures are examples of mechanical barriers? A. Spleen and thymus B. Unbroken skin and mucous membranes C. Antibodies and cytokines D. T cells and B cells | B. Unbroken skin and mucous membranes |
| Which substances are also included as mechanical barriers? A. Histamine, heparin, and perforin B. Hair, mucus, and sweat C. Antibodies, antigens, and cytokines D. Plasma, serum, and lymph | B. Hair, mucus, and sweat |
| Mechanical barriers represent the body's: A. Second line of defense B. Third line of defense C. First line of defense D. Adaptive immune response | C. First line of defense |
| LINES OF DEFENSE X3 | 1st line → Mechanical barriers 2nd line → Rest of innate defenses 3rd line → Adaptive/specific immunity |
| What are the TWO major causes of inflammation? A. Fever and allergies B. Viruses and bacteria C. Trauma/injury and infection D. Antibodies and antigens | C. Trauma/injury and infection |
| Inflammation is best defined as: A. An antibody response to a specific antigen B. A tissue response to injury or infection C. The formation of memory cells D. The movement of lymph through vessels | B. A tissue response to injury or infection |
| What is the function of inflammation? A. Increase the spread of pathogens B. Produce red blood cells C. Stop the spread of pathogens and infection D. Produce antibodies against every pathogen | C. Stop the spread of pathogens and infection |
| Which four signs characterize inflammation? A. Fever, chills, nausea, and fatigue B. Redness, swelling, heat, and pain C. Cough, fever, pain, and vomiting D. Pallor, coldness, numbness, and dryness | B. Redness, swelling, heat, and pain |
| During inflammation, dilation of blood vessels causes an increase in blood volume that produces: A. Pain B. Edema C. Redness D. Phagocytosis | C. Redness *More BLOOD → more RED |
| Increased capillary permeability during inflammation leads to: A. Decreased blood flow B. Antibody production C. Edema and heat D. Decreased WBC activity | C. Edema and heat |
| Why are white blood cells attracted into an affected area during inflammation? A. To produce erythrocytes B. To increase blood pressure C. For phagocytosis D. To transport oxygen | C. For phagocytosis *WBCs arrive → EAT the problem; We Be Consuming = WBC |
| Which process occurs during the inflammatory response? A. Destruction of all fibrin B. Blood clotting and fibrin thread formation C. Decreased capillary permeability D. Decreased blood flow to the area | B. Blood clotting and fibrin thread formation *fibrin = construction workers -> thread = sticky net -> stops pathogens from infecting |
| During inflammation, fibroblasts secrete chemicals that produce a sac around the affected area in order to: A. Increase pathogen reproduction B. Increase blood loss C. Wall off the infection and inhibit its spread D. Produce antibodies | C. Wall off the infection and inhibit its spread *fibroblasts = construction workers -> building a WALL |
| 1. INNATE= 2. ADAPTIVE = | 1. nonspecific/general → MANY pathogens → QUICK. 2. specific/immunity → SPECIFIC pathogen → SLOWER |
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