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BIO104 - A&P 2 DR. T
BIO104 CH14-2 LYMPHATIC SYS pptx
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| BIO104 CH14 (PART2) LYMPHATIC SYSTEM | |
| Which cells give rise to (develop into/become) macrophages outside the blood? A. Neutrophils B. B lymphocytes C. Monocytes D. Cytotoxic T cells | C. Monocytes *Monocyte → leaves blood → macrophage *mono = one -> becomes/grows -> macro = many |
| What happens to body temperature during a fever? A. It is re-set to a lower set point B. It is re-set to a higher set point C. It remains at the normal set point D. It becomes unable to regulate temperature | B. It is re-set to a higher set point |
| How does increased temperature affect phagocytic cells? A. They become inactive B. They produce antibodies C. They attack with greater vigor D. They become pathogens | C. They attack with greater vigor |
| During diapedesis, phagocytes leave the bloodstream in areas of: A. Normal body temperature B. Injury and/or infection C. Antibody production D. Red blood cell formation | B. Injury and/or infection |
| What is phagocytosis? A. Production of antibodies against pathogens B. Movement of WBCs through the bloodstream C. Engulfment and digestion of pathogens, foreign particles, and debris D. Production of memory cells | C. Engulfment and digestion of pathogens, foreign particles, and debris |
| What occurs with NOT dangerous levels of fever? A. WBCs become weaker and pathogens become stronger B. WBCs become highly active while pathogens often become weaker C. WBCs and pathogens both become inactive D. WBC activity decreases while pathogens remain unchanged | B. WBCs become highly active while pathogens often become weaker |
| What is diapedesis? A. Destruction of pathogens by antibodies B. Attraction of phagocytes by chemicals C. Squeezing between adjacent cells of the capillary walls D. Engulfment of foreign particles | C. Squeezing between adjacent cells of the capillary walls |
| MHC class/type I displays a foreign antigen to which cell? A. Helper T cell B. Cytotoxic T cell C. B cell D. Plasma cell | B. Cytotoxic T cell |
| MHC class/type II displays a foreign antigen to which cell? A. Helper T cell B. Cytotoxic T cell C. Memory B cell D. Natural killer cell | A. Helper T cell |
| What are chemical barriers? A. Cells that produce antibodies B. Physical barriers that block pathogens C. Chemicals that kill many pathogens D. Proteins that transport oxygen | C. Chemicals that kill many pathogens |
| What provides an acidic environment that is lethal to some pathogens? A. Lysozyme in tears B. HCl in gastric juice C. Antibodies in plasma D. Histamine in tissues | B. HCl in gastric juice (hydrochloric acid) |
| Which enzyme in tears helps destroy pathogens? A. Pepsin B. Lysozyme C. Perforin D. HCl | B. Lysozyme |
| Which enzyme in the stomach helps destroy pathogens? A. Lysozyme B. Perforin C. Pepsin D. Histamine | C. Pepsin *think of Pepcid AC for heartburn |
| Complement is best described as: A. A type of lymphocyte B. A digestive enzyme found in the stomach C. A group of plasma proteins in body fluids that “help” defend against pathogens D. A type of antibody produced by plasma cells | C. A group of plasma proteins in body fluids that “help” defend against pathogens |
| Complement can stimulate inflammation, attract phagocytes, and enhance: A. Antibody production B. Diapedesis C. Phagocytosis/opsonization D. Fever | C. Phagocytosis/opsonization |
| Complement can kill a pathogen by making a hole in its: A. Nucleus B. Cytoplasm C. Plasma/cell membrane D. DNA | C. Plasma/cell membrane |
| Complement can kill pathogens by causing: A. Diapedesis B. Chemotaxis C. Lysis D. Differentiation | C. Lysis |
| Adaptive immune defenses are performed by which cells? A. Erythrocytes B. Platelets C. Lymphocytes D. Osteocytes | C. Lymphocytes |
| **********MHC MEMORY TRICK********** ********************************************** | MHC I → Cytotoxic T → KILL infected cell; MHC II → Helper T → HELP activate other WBCs *1 is before 2; C is before H -> 1 = C; 2 = H |
| What is an antigen? A. A cell that produces antibodies B. A molecule that can evoke an antibody response C. A protein that destroys all WBCs D. A type of phagocyte | B. A molecule that can evoke an antibody response |
| Which of the following can be an antigen? A. Proteins only B. Polysaccharides only C. Glycoproteins and glycolipids only D. Proteins, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, or glycolipids | D. Proteins, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, or glycolipids |
| Molecules generally have to be ______ to be an antigen. A. Small and simple B. Small and acidic C. Big and complex D. Liquid and colorless | C. Big and complex |
| The immune response is directed against: A. Self molecules B. Nonself molecules C. All body cells D. Red blood cells only | B. Nonself molecules **SELF = don't attack; NONSELF = attack |
| T-cell activation requires an encounter with a(n): A. Antibody B. Plasma cell C. Antigen-presenting cell (APC) D. Red blood cell | C. Antigen-presenting cell (APC) |
| APC stands for: A. Antibody-producing cell B. Antigen-presenting cell C. Antigen-processing cytokine D. Activated plasma cell | B. Antigen-presenting cell |
| Macrophages acting as APCs digest a pathogen and display: A. Antibodies B. Cytokines C. Antigenic fragments D. Red blood cells | C. Antigenic fragments |
| Macrophages acting as APCs display antigenic fragments on their own cell membranes using: A. IgG antibodies B. Perforin C. MHC molecules D. Histamine | C. MHC molecules |
| MHC class/type I acts as what kind of signal? A. “Help” signal B. “Memory” signal C. “Suicide signal” D. “Stop” signal | C. “Suicide signal” |
| After activation through MHC-II, helper T cells release: A. Antibodies B. Histamine C. Perforin D. Cytokines | D. Cytokines |
| Cytokines released by helper T cells activate: A. Red blood cells B. Platelets C. Other WBCs D. Pathogens | C. Other WBCs |
| Which T cell stimulates B cells to produce antibodies against the displayed antigen? A. Cytotoxic T cell B. Memory T cell C. Regulatory T cell D. Helper T cell | D. Helper T cell |
| Which T cell acts like the “admiral/general” of the immune response? A. Cytotoxic T cell B. Helper T cell C. Memory T cell D. Suppressor T cell | B. Helper T cell |
| Which T cells monitor the body's cells and recognize and eliminate cancer cells and virus-infected cells? A. Helper T cells B. Memory T cells C. Cytotoxic T cells D. Regulatory T cells | C. Cytotoxic T cells *Admiral Helper-T tells his Cytotoxic soldiers to eliminate the problem. |
| Cytotoxic T cells release ______ to make a hole in infected body cells. A. Histamine B. Antibodies C. Perforin D. Pepsin | C. Perforin *perforin = perforate |
| Cytotoxic T cells kill infected body cells before they can become a: A. Memory cell B. Plasma cell C. Pathogen factory D. Phagocyte | C. Pathogen factory |
| Which T cells provide a quick response to future exposure to the same antigen? A. Helper T cells B. Suppressor T cells C. Memory T cells D. Plasma cells | C. Memory T cells |
| Memory T cells are generated during the: A. Secondary immune response B. Primary immune response C. Inflammatory response D. Allergic response | B. Primary immune response |
| Memory T cells become active during the: A. Primary immune response B. Secondary immune response C. Mechanical response D. Inflammatory response | B. Secondary immune response |
| Memory T cells help provide: A. Short-term immunity only B. Long-term immunity C. Non-specific immunity only D. No future protection | B. Long-term immunity |
| What is the function of a suppressor/regulatory T cell? A. Produces antibodies B. Kills virus-infected cells C. Activates the immune response D. Turns down the immune response AFTER the pathogen has been eliminated | D. Turns down the immune response AFTER the pathogen has been eliminated *suppress = turn down |
| Another name for antibodies is: A. Antigens B. Cytokines C. Immunoglobulins D. Perforins | C. Immunoglobulins |
| What happens to memory B cells initially? A. They immediately release perforin B. They immediately die C. They remain dormant at the time D. They become macrophages | C. They remain dormant at the time |
| What is the purpose of memory B cells? A. They cause fever B. They destroy all self-antigens C. They respond to future encounters with the antigen D. They perform diapedesis | C. They respond to future encounters with the antigen |
| 5 Major Types of Antibodies - QUICK TIP (Antibodies = immunoglobulins); 5 major types make up the gamma globulin fraction of plasma | 1. IgG = Most abundant = GREATEST amount of antibodies 2. IgA = major secretory antibody; A = AWAY (secrete) 3. IgM = Anti-A and Anti-B = MISMATCHED BLOOD 4. IgD = B-cell "DOING" activation; "B Doing something" 5. IgE = basophils and mast cells; allergy/inflammation = EMERGENCY |
| The five major types of antibodies constitute which fraction of the plasma? A. Albumin fraction B. Gamma globulin fraction C. Fibrinogen fraction D. Platelet fraction | B. Gamma globulin fraction |
| Which antibody is associated with passive immunity in a neonate? A. IgM B. IgE C. IgA D. IgD | C. IgA TIP: IgA → breast milk → baby → passive immunity |
| What does opsonization do? A. Produces antibodies B. Destroys memory cells C. Makes an antigen “more tasty” to phagocytes D. Prevents complement activation | C. Makes an antigen “more tasty” to phagocytes |
| Which of the following is specifically listed as a result of complement activation? A. Antibody production B. Opsonization C. Memory-cell production D. T-cell differentiation | B. Opsonization |
| Which antibody action is a result of complement activation? A. Diapedesis B. Differentiation C. Proliferation D. Neutralization | D. Neutralization |
| Why can active immunity provide long-term protection? A. Antibodies are transferred from another person B. No immune response occurs C. Memory cells/lymphocytes are produced D. No antigen exposure occurs | C. Memory cells/lymphocytes are produced |
| Which type of immunity is long-term and due to memory cells/lymphocytes? A. Active immunity B. Passive immunity C. Innate immunity D. Non-specific immunity | A. Active immunity |
| Which statement BEST describes passive immunity? A. It is long-term because memory cells are produced B. It is short-term and results from antibody transfer C. It requires the production of memory T cells D. It always results from having a disease | B. It is short-term and results from antibody transfer |
| What happens to memory B cells and T cells during passive immunity? A. Only memory B cells are produced B. Only memory T cells are produced C. Both are produced in large numbers D. No memory B cells or T cells are produced | D. No memory B cells or T cells are produced *PASSIVE = does nothing. *no cells produced to remember it = short-term memory |
| Passive immunity is considered short-term because it involves: A. Memory-cell production B. Cytotoxic T-cell activation C. Antibody transfer without production of memory cells D. Long-term lymphocyte activation | C. Antibody transfer without production of memory cells |
| ACTIVE IMMUNITY EASY TIP: | ACTIVE = your immune system is ACTIVE → makes memory cells → LONG-TERM |
| PASSIVE IMMUNITY EASY TIP: | PASSIVE = antibodies are PASSED to you → NO memory cells → SHORT-TERM |
| Type I hypersensitivity is also called: A. Delayed-reaction hypersensitivity B. Immediate-reaction hypersensitivity C. Autoimmunity D. Passive immunity | B. Immediate-reaction hypersensitivity |
| Type I immediate-reaction hypersensitivity is associated with: A. Transplant rejection B. Autoimmune disease C. Allergy D. Passive immunity | C. Allergy |
| How quickly does Type I immediate-reaction hypersensitivity occur? A. 24–48 hours B. 48–72 hours C. Several weeks D. Seconds to minutes | D. Seconds to minutes |
| What is anaphylaxis? A. A type of passive immunity B. A delayed reaction that develops after 48–72 hours C. A severe form of immediate-reaction hypersensitivity D. An autoimmune reaction against connective tissue | C. A severe form of immediate-reaction hypersensitivity |
| Why is anaphylaxis particularly serious? A. It always causes autoimmune disease B. It can be life-threatening C. It takes weeks to develop D. It destroys memory B cells | B. It can be life-threatening |
| Delayed-reaction hypersensitivity is which type? A. Type I B. Type II C. Type III D. Type IV | D. Type IV |
| Approximately how long does Type IV delayed-reaction hypersensitivity take to develop? A. Seconds to minutes B. 1–2 hours C. 48–72 hours D. 1–2 weeks | C. 48–72 hours |
| Which is an example of Type IV delayed-reaction hypersensitivity? A. Poison ivy B. Passive immunity C. Anaphylaxis D. Type 1 diabetes mellitus | A. Poison ivy TIP: IVy = IV type |
| Which of the following is another example of Type IV delayed-reaction hypersensitivity? A. Immediate allergy B. Graft/transplant rejection C. Antibody transfer D. B-cell activation | B. Graft/transplant rejection |
| What are antibodies produced against some of the body's own antigens called? A. Immunoglobulins B. Allergens C. Autoantibodies D. Cytokines | C. Autoantibodies *auto = self |
| Which of the following is specifically identified as an autoimmune disorder? A. Type 2 diabetes mellitus B. Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus C. Influenza D. Anaphylaxis | B. Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus |
| In Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, which cells are destroyed by autoantibodies? A. Alpha cells of the pancreas B. Red blood cells C. Beta cells of the pancreas D. Mast cells | C. Beta cells of the pancreas |
| In rheumatoid arthritis, antibodies attack the: A. Connective tissues throughout the body B. Pancreatic beta cells C. Joints of the body D. Mast cells | C. Joints of the body |
| Which autoimmune disorder is associated with antibodies against connective tissues? A. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) B. Rheumatoid arthritis C. Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus D. Type 2 diabetes | Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) |
| Which white blood cell is associated with the release of histamine and heparin? A. Neutrophil B. Monocyte C. Basophil D. Lymphocyte | C. Basophil TIP: BASophils = “BAGS” of histamine & heparin. |
| During a Type I allergic reaction, IgE attaches to which cells that release histamine? A. Neutrophils and monocytes B. B cells and plasma cells C. Basophils and mast cells D. Helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells | C. Basophils and mast cells |
| Naturally acquired immunity is obtained through: A. Natural events, such as getting a disease B. An injection only C. Antiserum only D. Gamma globulins only | A. Natural events, such as getting a disease TIP: NATURAL = happens naturally |
| Artificially acquired immunity is obtained by: A. Getting a disease naturally B. Exposure to a sick person C. An injection D. Producing lymph naturally | C. An injection TIP: ARTIFICIAL = something is GIVEN to you |
| Which is an example of naturally acquired ACTIVE immunity? A. Receiving antibodies through breast milk B. Receiving an injection of antiserum C. Receiving a vaccine D. Being exposed to a pathogen and developing the disease | D. Being exposed to a pathogen and developing the disease |
| Naturally acquired active immunity results from: A. Receiving antibodies from another person B. Exposure to live pathogens C. Injection of gamma globulins D. Antibodies passing from mother to fetus | B. Exposure to live pathogens |
| Naturally acquired active immunity produces: A. Short-term immunity with no memory cells B. Long-term resistance due to a primary immune response and memory B cells C. No immune response D. Antibody transfer only | B. Long-term resistance due to a primary immune response and memory B cells |
| Which is an example of artificially acquired ACTIVE immunity? A. Getting sick with an infection B. Receiving a vaccine C. Receiving antibodies through breast milk | B. Receiving a vaccine |
| Why does artificially acquired active immunity provide long-term immunity? A. Antibodies are transferred from another person B. No immune response occurs C. An immune response occurs and memory B cells are formed D. The person receives ready-made memory cells | C. An immune response occurs and memory B cells are formed |
| Naturally acquired passive immunity can occur when antibodies are passed: A. From a vaccine into the bloodstream B. From mother to fetus or newborn through colostrum/breast milk C. From a pathogen to a lymphocyte D. From a T cell to a B cell | B. From mother to fetus or newborn through colostrum/breast milk |
| Naturally acquired passive immunity provides: A. Long-term immunity with memory B cells B. Short-term immunity without stimulating an immune response C. Permanent immunity D. Long-term immunity from vaccination | B. Short-term immunity without stimulating an immune response |
| Which is an example of artificially acquired PASSIVE immunity? A. Recovering from an infection B. Receiving a vaccine C. Receiving antibodies through breast milk D. Receiving an injection of antiserum or gamma globulins | D. Receiving an injection of antiserum or gamma globulins *artificial = injection; passive = gamma globulins given to me |
| Why is artificially acquired passive immunity short-term? A. The person produces too many memory cells B. The person develops the disease C. There is no antigen exposure, immune response, or memory B-cell production D. The antibodies immediately become antigens | C. There is no antigen exposure, immune response, or memory B-cell production |
| A vaccine produces which type of immunity? A. Naturally acquired active B. Artificially acquired active C. Naturally acquired passive D. Artificially acquired passive | B. Artificially acquired active (The vaccine is artificial, but YOUR immune system becomes ACTIVE and makes memory cells.) |
| What is the humoral immune response? A. T cells directly destroying infected cells B. Antibodies traveling through body fluids to inactivate and destroy antigens C. Macrophages engulfing pathogens by phagocytosis D. Inflammation occurring at the site of an infection | B. Antibodies traveling through body fluids to inactivate and destroy antigens |
| Which cells produce and secrete the antibodies involved in the humoral immune response? A. Memory B cells B. Helper T cells C. Plasma cells D. Cytotoxic T cells | C. Plasma cells |
| Which sequence BEST describes the humoral immune response? A. B cell → plasma cell → antibodies → antigens are attacked B. T cell → plasma cell → antibodies → antigens are attacked C. B cell → macrophage → antibodies → antigens are attacked D. Plasma cell → B cell → antibodies → antigens are attacked | A. B cell → plasma cell → antibodies → antigens are attacked |
| What happens to some B cells instead of becoming plasma cells? A. They become macrophages. B. They become memory B cells. C. They become T cells. D. They immediately destroy antigens. | B. They become memory B cells. |
| Natural vs. Artificial = HOW did you get it? Active vs. Passive = WHO made the antibodies? | NATURAL = It happens naturally; ARTIFICIAL = Medical help gave it to you 💉; ACTIVE = YOU ACTIVATE your immune system/antibodies; PASSIVE = Antibodies are GIVEN to you. |
| Natural = Artificial = Active = Passive = | Happens NATURALLY. Medical INTERVENTION. SELF-MADE antibodies. Antibodies GIVEN TO ME. |
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