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AP Govt. Unit 1
Ap gov unit 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Advice and consent | US Senates power to approve treaties and presidential appointments, ensures checks and balances |
| Americans with disabilities act | 1990, federal law prohibiting discrimination against people with disabilities |
| Anti Federalists | Opponents of constitution (mainly farmers) |
| Articles of confederation | First constitution in 1781 that made loose confederation of sovereign states |
| bicameral | Legislature of two branches/houses |
| bill of rights | First 10 amendments in constitution, fundamental rights/freedoms |
| block grants | Annual sum of money awarded by federal government to state/local government bodies |
| categorical grants | Federal funds provided to state or local governments for specific reasons |
| checks and balances | Branches are empowered to prevent actions by other branches, reduces mistakes and ensures no branch gains too much power |
| clean air act | 1970, federal law preventing air pollution |
| commerce clause | Grants congress power to regulate trade with foreign nations, among states, and w/ Native American tribes Significant source of congress's regulatory authority over US economy |
| compact theory | Constitutional interpretation that asserts the US was formed through a compact agreed upon the states, making the federal govt. a creation of the states |
| concurrent powers | political/legislative powers, exercised independently or simultaneously, by both federal and state governments |
| conditions of aid | rules imposed by federal govt. on states as conditions for federal grants or requirements that states pay costs of certain nationally defined programs |
| cooperative federalism | model of governance where national, state, and local govts. work together to address common issues and achieve shared goals |
| declaration of independence | foundational document of US |
| delegated powers | transfer of authority from one branch to another |
| devolution | power transfers to lower level, esp central govt. to local/regional administration |
| dual federalism | Political arrangement where power is divided between federal and state governments in clearly defined terms (layer cake federalism) |
| electoral college | System where president and vice president are elected by people |
| Enumerated powers | Powers granted to congress by the US constitution |
| extradition | extraditing a person accused/convicted of a crime |
| federal income tax | annual earnings of individuals, corporations, trusts, and other legal entities |
| federalist papers | A series of essays anonymously published Defending the document to the public (sorry i had to) |
| federalism | principle/system of govt. where states form a unity but stay independent in internal affairs |
| federalists | person supporting/advocating for a system of govt. with states under central authority |
| fiscal federalism | Financial relations between units of govt. in federal govt. system |
| full faith and credit | constitutional requirement that state courts respect laws and judgements of courts from other states |
| grand committee | committee organized at constitutional convention to address the issue of how to apportion representatives in the national legislature |
| grants in aid | transfer of resources from higher-level gov to a lower-level w no obligation to repay funds |
| great (connecticut) compromise | agreement reached in constitutional convention of 1787, created two houses of congress: house of representatives & senate |
| house of representatives | lower house of US congress |
| impeachment | bringing charges against a government official for wrongdoing |
| implied powers | powers of US government not stated in constitution but necessary for carrying out express powers |
| james madison | US president, helped write constitution and federalist papers |
| judicial review | power of courts to examine the actions of legislative, executive, and administrative arms of govt. to determine if their actions follow the constitution |
| layer cake federalism | political system, power is divided between federal government and state governments in clearly defined terms |
| limited government | political system, powers of the government are restricted by law, prevents concentration of power & protects individual liberties |
| mandates | official order/ requirement imposed by a higher authority |
| marble cake federalism | flexible relationship btwn federal and state governments where both levels work together on various issues and programs. (aka cooperative federalism) |
| marbury v. madison | 1803, supreme court case, established judicial review, allowing the court to declare laws unconstitutional |
| mcculloch v. maryland | 1819, supreme court case, established federal supremacy over state laws. The case started when Maryland tried to impose a tax on the Second Bank of the United States |
| national supremacy | refers to the legal doctrine established by the supremacy clause of the US constitution that states that the constitution and federal laws made pursuant to it are the "supreme law of the land" |
| natural law | philosophical/legal theory, unalienable rights |
| necessary and proper (elastic) | Allows Congress to pass laws that are "necessary and proper" for benefit of the citizens allowing flexibility in legislative authority (Implied Powers). article 1, section 8. |
| clause | specific provision or section that outlines powers, rights, or responsibilities |
| new federalism | political philosophy, seeks to transfer certain powers/responsibilities from the federal gov back to the states |
| new jersey plan | Constitutional convention 1787, proposal structure for govt., advocated for equal representation for states regardless of population (favored smaller states) |
| no child left behind act | 2002 Bush, aimed to improve educational outcomes for American children by increasing accountability, flexibility, and parental choice in education (its had the opposite effect lolz) |
| nullification | doctrine allowing a state to declare a federal law null and void if the state believes it violates the constitution |
| participatory democracy | individual participation by citizens in political decisions/policies affecting their lives |
| pluralist democracy | political system, multiple groups/interests/organizations compete for power & influence in the government |
| pocket veto | president/governor indirectly vetoes legislative bill by leaving it unsigned until its too late to be dealt with during legislative session basically just ignore it lol |
| police powers | fundamental ability of a government to enact laws to coerce its citizenry for the public good |
| popular sovereignty | doctrine political theory, government is created by and subject to the will of the people |
| preamble | introduction to constitution, states reasons/intent of law |
| privileges and immunities | ensures citizens of each state are entitled to the same privileges/immunities as citizens of other states, promotes equality and prevents discrimination |
| representative republic | form of govt., citizens elect representatives to make decisions and pass laws on their behalf |
| republicanism | political ideology, belief that gov should be based on the consent of the governed and representatives should be elected to serve the interests of the people |
| reserved powers | political powers not granted to the federal government by the constitution, but are reserved for the states or the people |
| revenue powers | authority of govt. agencies to receive funds through taxation and other means |
| revenue sharing | distribution of a portion of corporate wealth/revenue among stakeholders |
| rule of law | principle that all individuals and institutions are accountable to the law (magna carta) |
| selective inclusiveness | inclusion is approached through a selective process, meaning not all aspects or individuals are included |
| senate | the smaller upper house of the bicameral legislature (congress) |
| separation of powers | Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches -legislative makes law -executive applies/enforces law -judicial interprets law |
| shays rebellion | (1786-1787) Armed uprising led by Daniel Shays as response to economic injustices. series of attacks on courthouses and government properties. Highlighted struggles of farmers and demonstrated the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederations |
| social contract | Hobbes (adopted and altered by Locke), an agreement between the ruled and their rulers, outlining the rights and duties of each party (give some rights/freedoms for protection) |
| strict constructionist | legal philosophy, interprets the constitution and laws based on literal text, limiting judicial interpretation to the explicit wording, doesn't consider broader implications or intent |
| "strings" | refers to conditions/restrictions that federal grants impose on state and local governments |
| supremacy clause | establishes that federal laws and treaties made under the authority of the constitution are the supreme law of the land, take precedence over any conflicting state laws |
| tenth amendment | any powers not given to the federal government belong to states/people |
| three fifths compromise | agreement in 1787 constitutional convention, counted three-fifths of the enslaved population for representation and taxation, impacted the political power of slaveholding states |
| two thirds override | to override a presidential veto, two-thirds majority vote in both the house of representatives and the senate is required |
| unfunded mandates | regulations/statutes imposed by the federal gov requiring state/local governments to perform certain actions without federal funding |
| unitary government | single central government holds total power over its political subdivisions |
| United States v. Lopez | 1995 landmark supreme court case, ruled that the Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990 was unconstitutional because it exceeded congress authority under the Commerce Clause |
| Virginia Plan | James Madison's plan of govt., states got a number of representatives in congress based on their population. (favored larger states) |
| Whiskey Rebellion | violent tax protest in the US against the federal excise tax on whiskey |
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