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BIO104 - A&P 2
BIO104 CH14 - LYMPHATIC SYSTEM pt1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| BIO104 CH14 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM pt1 | |
| Which "system" does the LYMPHATIC SYSTEM fall under? | (it is a 2nd) CIRCULATORY SYSTEM |
| What is a resistance to disease called? | IMMUNITY |
| Lymphatic vessels ____ ____ excess tissue fluid from interstitial spaces, eventually ____ it to the blood. | CARRY AWAY; RETURNING |
| What are the tiny, finger-like projections lining the small intestine that absorb nutrients?? | VILLI |
| Special LYMPHATIC capillary vessels, located only in small intestine villi, that transport absorbed fat/lipids to enter bloodstream/circulation | LACTEALS (Lymphatic = Lacteals = Lipids) *all lacteals are lymphatic capillaries, but not all lymphatic capillaries are lacteals* |
| Where are lymphocytes found and what is their function? | LYMPH NODES; defend body against disease/pathogens/toxins that can cause disease. |
| What are the "disease-causing organisms" and "chemicals" specifically referring to in the lymphatic system? A. Antigens & Pathogens B. Pathogens & Waste C. Pathogens & Toxins D. Antigens & Toxins | C. PATHOGENS & TOXINS |
| What happens if too much lymph fluid fills the interstitial fluid space and doesn't return to a lymphatic capillary? | The area swells = EDEMA |
| (LYMPHATIC PATHWAY) tissue fluid (IF) ->lymphatic capillaries -> ____ lymphatic vessel -> lymph nodes -> ____ lymphatic vessel -> lymphatic ____ -> lymphatic ducts -> subclavian vein | AFFERENT; EFFERENT; TRUNK |
| Once inside a lymphatic capillary, tissue fluid is called: | LYMPH |
| Tiny vessels that extend into interstitial spaces, paralleling blood capillaries; consist of endothelial cells; found everywhere EXCEPT central nervous system: | LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES |
| Larger lymphatic vessels pass through lymph nodes, then merge to form larger ____ | LYMPHATIC TRUNKS |
| ____ have walls thinner than veins; have flap-like valves on the inside. | LYMPHATIC VESSELS |
| Which parts of the lymphatic system drain from lymphatic vessels and are named for the regions they drain? | LYMPHATIC TRUNKS |
| Name the 2 collecting ducts that lymphatic trunks empty into: | 1. THORACIC - drains majority of body, empties into LEFT subclavian vein 2. RIGHT LYMPHATIC - drains R side head/neck, R arm, R thorax, empties into RIGHT subclavian vein |
| When does tissue fluid become LYMPH? | When it enters a lymphatic capillary. |
| List the pathway of how lymph is formed/created? (*fluid formation pathway) | BLOOD -> INTERSTITIAL FLUID -> LYMPH (Blood plasma leaks out of blood capillaries to become IF. When excess IF enters lymphatic capillaries, it is called lymph.) |
| Why does tissue fluid form? | Filtration from the plasma usually occurs to a greater extent than reabsorption; this leads to tissue fluid formation. **More fluid leaves the blood than returns, so tissue (interstitial) fluid forms. |
| Most substances, including ____, are returned to blood via the lymph | SMALL PROTEINS |
| How does interstitial fluid enter capillaries to become lymph? | Increasing hydrostatic pressure (force that pushes fluid in) forces fluid through one-way "flaps" of lymphatic capillaries. |
| Why does lymph transport foreign particles (ie: bacteria, viruses) to the lymph nodes? | For RECOGNITION & DESTRUCTION |
| ____ activity moves lymph through lymphatic vessels. | MUSCULAR |
| What type of contraction (including breathing movements) helps move (squeeze) lymph through lymphatic vessels? | SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS |
| How does smooth muscle help move lymph? | Contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of lymphatic vessels helps propel lymph forward. |
| What prevents lymph from flowing backward? | ONE-WAY VALVES |
| What are the 3 mechanisms/factors that help move lymph through the lymphatic vessels? | 1. SKELETAL muscle contractions 2. SMOOTH muscle contractions 3. VALVES preventing backflow |
| What is the term for the accumulation of lymph in the interstitial spaces, due to interference with the flow in lymph? | EDEMA |
| Lymphatic tissue contains: A. lymphocytes, neutrophils. B. leukocytes, lymphocytes, plasma. C. lymphocytes, macrophages, and other cells. D. lymphocytes, megakaryocytes, and IF. | C. lymphocytes, macrophages, and other cells. |
| Unencapsulated lymphatic tissue associated with the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems is called MALT. What does MALT stand for?: A. Mucosa-antigen lymphatic tissue B. Mucous absorption lymphatic tract C. Medullary-associated lymph tissue D. Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue | Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue |
| Which structures are compact masses of lymphatic nodules? A. Tonsils and vermiform (worm-like) appendix B. Spleen and thymus C. Lacteals and villi D. Bone marrow and lymphatic vessels | A. Tonsils and vermiform (worm-like) appendix |
| What are the 3 encapsulated lymphatic organs? A. Tonsils, appendix, and MALT B. Lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen C. Lacteals, villi, and Peyer's patches D. Bone marrow, thymus, and villi | B. Lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen |
| Unfiltered lymph leaves lymph nodes through efferent lymphatic vessels. T/F | FALSE - FILTERED lymph leaves through efferent lymphatic vessels. |
| ____ lymphatic vessels enter on the convex (bulging outward) surface. | Afferent |
| Lymph nodes contain both lymphocytes and ____; they filter the lymph as it flows through them, removing many pathogens A. macrophages B. phagocytes C. interstitial fluid D. blood plasma | A. macrophages |
| Lymph nodes are not found in the central nervous system (CNS). T/F | TRUE |
| 2 main functions of lymph nodes: A. Produce T cells and absorb dietary fats. B. Filter blood and destroy old red blood cells. C. Filter lymph and provide immune surveillance. D. Store platelets and return tissue fluid directly to the heart | C. Filter lymph and provide immune surveillance. (filter lymph: remove bacteria/cellular debris before returning lymph to the blood; immune surveillance: monitor body fluids to look for pathogens/toxins) |
| ____ engulf and destroy foreign particles, debris, and damaged cells. | MACROPHAGES |
| Soft, bi-lobed organ located behind the sternum, anterior to aorta; shrinks in size over lifetime. | THYMUS |
| What is the hormone secreted by the thymus that influences maturation of T lymphocytes? | THYMOSIN |
| T cells/T lymphocytes only mature in the thymus. T/F | TRUE |
| T cells learn in thymus school to be ____ against foreign antigens ONLY when shown to them on MHC proteins. | REACTIVE (don't attack your own healthy cells) *T cells only recognize antigens when present on MHC proteins. |
| MHC stands for: A. Major Histological Complex B. Major Histocompatibility Complex C. Membrane Histochemical Complex D. Major Homeostatic Complex | B. Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC = a "display protein" that shows antigens to T cells) |
| The spleen: A. acts as a reservoir and filters old erythrocyte blood. B. is the largest lymphatic organ in the body. C. acts as a screening/security station to filter pathogens. D. all of the above. | D. all of the above. |
| Which organ is similar to a large lymph node but contains blood? | SPLEEN |
| Which statement best describes innate (nonspecific) immunity? A. Produces antibodies after exposure to a specific pathogen. B. Develops memory after infection or vaccination. C. Guards against many pathogens, is not antigen-specific, and responds quickly. D. Responds only after antigens are presented on MHC proteins. | C. Guards against many pathogens, is not antigen-specific, and responds quickly. (NONSPECIFIC = MANY TYPES) |
| Adaptive (specific) immunity is best described as: A. Responds quickly to many different pathogens without recognizing specific antigens. B. Uses macrophages to provide immediate, nonspecific protection. C. Responds to specific pathogens, is slower to respond, and is carried out by specialized lymphocytes. D. Prevents fluid loss by returning excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream. | C. Responds to specific pathogens, is slower to respond, and is carried out by specialized lymphocytes. *key word: SPECIFIC |
| The first line of (innate) defense; physical barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the body. | MECHANICAL BARRIERS *mechanical = physical |
| Some examples of MECHANICAL BARRIERS: | unbroken skin/mucous membranes, hair, mucus, and sweat. |
| Name the 2 major causes of INFLAMMATION. | 1. TRAUMA/INJURY 2. INFECTION |
| What are the 4 characteristics of inflammation? | redness, heat, swelling, pain. |
| What is the function of inflammation? | to stop the spread of pathogens and infection. |
| Chemical barriers are an example of innate immunity. T/F | TRUE |
| Which enzyme found in tears helps destroy many pathogens? A. Pepsin B. Lysozyme C. Trypsin D. Amylase | B. Lysozyme |
| Which of the following is an example of a chemical barrier of immunity? A. Antibodies produced by B cells B. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) in gastric juice C. T cells recognizing antigens on MHC proteins D. Lymph nodes filtering lymph | B. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) in gastric juice |
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