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BIO104 HUMAN A&P 2
BIO104 CH12: BLOOD
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| BIO104 UNIT 1 CH12: BLOOD | |
| A type of connective tissue with a fluid matrix (plasma): | BLOOD |
| Blood, heart, and blood vessels make up the: | CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM - a type of circulatory system. |
| What is plasma mostly made up of? | WATER (92%) |
| Blood transports substances throughout the body to: | BODY CELLS, TISSUES, ORGANS |
| Blood helps to maintain ___ and distributes ___. | HOMEOSTASIS; HEAT |
| What are the nutrients in blood good for? | ENERGY AND BUILDING MATERIAL |
| What is transported to body cells through blood? | NUTRIENTS AND OXYGEN |
| What is the purpose of red blood cells? | RESPIRATORY GAS TRANSPORT |
| White blood cells are for: | FIGHTING INFECTION |
| What are some examples of metabolic waste removed by blood? | EXCESS CARBON DIOXIDE; ACID |
| What is the job of platelets? | TO STOP BLEEDING/ STOPPAGE OF BLEEDING |
| Which part of blood has the most varieties of blood cells? | WHITE BLOOD CELLS |
| Red blood cells are also called: | ERYTHROCYTES |
| What is another name for white blood cells? | LEUKOCYTES |
| Thrombocyte is another term for: | PLATELETS |
| What is transported through blood? | HORMONES; ANTIBODIES |
| Which types of cells react against toxins and cancer cells? | WHITE BLOOD CELLS |
| The percentage by volume of formed elements (mainly red blood cells) is called: | HEMATOCRIT |
| Plasma makes up ___% of the blood volume. | 55 |
| How much blood volume is in the average-sized adult? | 5 LITERS/5.3 QUARTS |
| What is plasma made up of? | WATER, AMINO ACIDS, PROTEINS, CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, VITAMINS, HORMONES, ELECTROLYTES, CELLULAR WASTE. |
| Hematocrit is also known as: | PACKED CELL VOLUME (PCV) |
| What is the clear, straw-colored “fluid portion of the blood” (the matrix of blood)? | PLASMA |
| ____ transports most of our oxygen (98-99%) and some carbon dioxide (20-25%) through the blood. | HEMOGLOBIN |
| What shape are red blood cells? | BICONCAVE DISKS (FRISBEE-LIKE) |
| What is the average life span of red blood cells? | 120 DAYS/4 MONTHS |
| What is erythropoiesis and where does it happen? | PRODUCTION OF RBCs IN RED BONE MARROW |
| What is the difference between hematopoiesis and erythropoiesis? | HEMATOPOIESIS IS THE FORMATION OF ALL BLOOD CELLS AND ERYTHROPOIESIS IS THE FORMATION OF RED BLOOD CELLS ONLY. *HEMA = WHOLE BLOOD, ERYTHRO = RED |
| What is released from the kidneys and liver in response to detection of low oxygen levels? | ERYTHROPOIETIN aka EPO (This is NEGATIVE FEEDBACK) |
| What type of stem cells can be found in red bone marrow? | HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS aka HEMOCYTOBLASTS |
| What is iron needed for and where does most of it come from? | HEMOGLOBIN SYNTHESIS; RECYCLING OLD RBCs |
| Where is most iron stored? | IN THE LIVER |
| What is an infarction? | COMPLETE LACK OF BLOOD FLOW BY A CLOT THAT KILLS TISSUE SUPPLIED BY THAT VESSEL |
| What is an ischemia? | REDUCED BLOOD FLOW COMPARED TO ‘NORMAL’ |
| Anemia caused by deficiency of intrinsic factor from stomach that causes inadequate vitamin B12 absorption: | PERNICIOUS ANEMIA |
| Anemia from dietary malnourishment, heavy menses, or persistent bleeding ulcer: | IRON-DEFICIENCY |
| Variant in a gene resulting in abnormal hemoglobin structure is which type of anemia? | SICKLE CELL |
| When WBCs leave the bloodstream to fight infection, this is called: | DIAPEDESIS |
| What are the smallest blood vessels called? | CAPILLARIES |
| Granulocytes vs. Agranulocytes: | GRANULOCYTES: GRANULAR CYTOPLASM, SHORT (12 HOUR) LIFESPAN; AGRANULOCYTES: NO GRANULAR CYTOPLASM, LONGER LIFESPAN |
| WBC known for purple-staining cytoplasmic granules; comprise 50-70% of leukocytes (most abundant); strong phagocytes (especially eat bacteria); no nucleus: | NEUTROPHILS |
| WBC granules stain deep red; kills certain parasites (worms, ticks, fleas…); moderate inflammation: | EOSINOPHILS |
| WBC granules stain dark blue; promote inflammation by secreting heparin (anticoagulant) and histamine (vasodilator): | BASOPHILS |
| What are the major hallmarks/ characteristics/signs and symptoms of inflammation? | HEAT, REDNESS, PAIN, SWELLING |
| What are 2 major causes of inflammation? | INFECTION, TRAUMA/INJURY |
| Which category of WBCs are monocytes and lymphocytes? | AGRANULOCYTES (-CYTES) |
| Which type of WBCs are granulocytes? | NEUTROPHILS, EOSINOPHILS, BASOPHILS (-PHILS) |
| Largest circulating blood cells; strong phagocytes for just about anything; macrophages: | MONOCYTES |
| What are macrophages responsible for? | SPECIFIC/ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY |
| The smallest of the WBCs; long-lived (years); includes B and T-cells; responsible for specific/adaptive immunity: | LYMPHOCYTES |
| Which lymphocytes make antibodies/immunoglobulins (proteins that bind to antigens)? | B CELLS |
| Which lymphocytes are broken down into 2 main functional types of cells? | T CELLS |
| Cell that releases perforin into an infected body cell to destroy that cell before it becomes a pathogen factory: | CYTOTOXIC T CELL aka KILLER T CELL |
| This specific type of cell releases hormones (cytokines) that increase other WBC activities: | HELPER T CELL **HORMONES = HELPER |
| When platelets repair damaged blood cells by adhering to their broken edges (forming a platelet plug), the stoppage of bleeding is called: | HEMOSTASIS |
| The functions of ___ are to transport nutrients and gases, regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, and maintain an optimal pH. | PLASMA |
| Name the 3 groups of plasma proteins: | ALBUMINS, GLOBULINS, FIBRINOGEN |
| What converts fibrinogen to fibrin? | THROMBIN |
| This is the most abundant plasma protein and involves the osmotic balance of blood: | ALBUMIN **ALbumin = bALance |
| Plasma protein critical for immune defense, transport, and regulation (especially immunoglobulins/antibodies): | GLOBULINS |
| Which plasma protein helps form blood clots/coagulation when converted via thrombin? | FIBRINOGEN |
| In plasma electrolytes, calcium is a ___. | CLOTTING FACTOR |
| Hemostasis is responsible for: | KEEPING BLOOD IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM |
| Smooth muscle (involuntary/automatic) contractions that make the blood vessel more narrow to lessen blood loss is known as: | VASOSPASM/ VASOCONSTRICTION/ VASCULAR SPASM |
| A “dogpile” of platelets that form on a vascular lesion is called: | PLATELET PLUG FORMATION |
| When fibrin is formed by thrombin from fibrinogen (soluble), ___ is the most effective form of natural hemostasis | CLOTTING/ BLOOD COAGULATION |
| A ___ is a form of artificial hemostasis. | TOURNIQUET |
| “We make ___ against things that are ___.” | ANTIBODIES; FOREIGN |
| What is the term for “clot dissolution”? | FIBRINOLYSIS |
| What is the function of plasmin? | IN FIBRINOLYSIS, IT BREAKS DOWN FIBRIN BY DIGESTING THE FIBRIN THREADS |
| An abnormal clot that forms in a vessel is called a/an: | THROMBUS |
| A dislodged thrombus that travels through the blood is a/an: | EMBOLUS |
| A build-up of fatty deposits in arterial walls that can lead to an abnormal formation of clots is: | ATHEROSCLEROSIS |
| What is the clumping of RBCs following transfusion of incompatible blood? | AGGLUTINATION |
| ___ is a specific type of blood clumping caused by antigen-antibody reactions. | AGGLUTINATION |
| A molecule that evokes an immune response: | ANTIGEN |
| A protein produced by the immune system to attack a specific antigen not found on the person’s own cells: | ANTIBODY |
| Agglutination is caused when ___ of one type reacts with ___ of the same type. | ANTIBODIES; ANTIGENS |
| Type ___ blood is called the universal recipient; can receive transfusion of RBCs from any of the 4 blood types; no antibodies to agglutinate the antigens. | AB (specifically AB+) |
| Type ___ blood is known as the universal donor; RBCs can be transfused into any of the 4 blood types; RBCs will not be attacked by blood antibodies. | O (specifically O-) |
| If the Rh factor (antigen D) is present on RBCs, the blood is Rh___; if absent, blood is Rh___. | POSITIVE; NEGATIVE |
| Think of AB as the "Yes" person. → "Come on in!" → Accepts everyone. (AB = All Blood is welcome) | Think of O as the grumpy neighbor. → "Nobody wearing colors comes in my house!" → Accepts ONLY O. |
| O gives to all, receives from only O. | AB receives from all, gives only to AB. |
| DONATING: ❑ O → Everyone ☐ A → A & AB ☐ B → B & AB ☐ AB → AB only | RECEIVING ❑ O ← O only ☐ A ← A & O ☐ B ← B & O ☐ AB ← Everyone |
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