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Anatomy&Physiology
Anatomy & Physiology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anatomy: | The structural make up of an organism. |
| Two types of anatomy: | Microscopic/Fine and Macroscopic/gross. |
| Microscopic/Fine anatomy: | Viewing the features of the body with the aid of a microscope. |
| Macroscopic/Gross anatomy: | Viewing the features of the body with the naked eye. |
| Physiology: | Refers to the functions of an organism, and it examines the chemical or physical functions that help the body function appropriately. |
| Circulatory System: | A network of organs and tubes that transport blood, hormones, nutrients, oxygen, and other gases to cells and tissues throughout the body. |
| Circulatory System is also known as: | Cardiovascular System. |
| Major components of the Circulatory System: | Blood vessels, blood, and heart. |
| Blood vessels responsibility: | Transport blood throughout the body. |
| Three major types of blood vessels: | Arteries, veins, and capillaries. |
| Arteries: | Blood vessels that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body. |
| Veins: | Blood vessels that carries blood from the body back to the heart. |
| Capillaries: | Blood vessels that connects arteries to veins and form networks that exchange materials between the blood and the cells. |
| ___ are stronger and thicker than ___. | Arteries; Veins. |
| ___ can withstand high pressure exerted by the blood as the heart pumps it through the body. | Arteries. |
| How do arteries control blood flow? | Vasoconstriction and vasodilation. |
| Vasoconstriction: | Narrowing of the blood vessel's diameter. |
| Vasodilation: | Widening of the blood vessel's diameter. |
| Blood in ___ is under lower pressures and have valves to prevent the backflow of blood. | Veins. |
| Most of the exchange between the blood and tissues takes place through the ___. | Capillaries. |
| Three types of capillaries: | Continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoidal. |
| Continuous Capillaries: | Capillaries that are made up of epithelial cells tightly connected together. They limit types of materials that pass into and out of the blood. They are the most common type of capillary. |
| Fenestrated Capillaries: | Capillaries that have openings that allow materials to be freely exchanged between the blood and tissues. Commonly found in the digestive, endocrine, and urinary systems. |
| Sinusoidal Capillaries: | Capillaries that have larger openings and allow proteins and blood cells through. They are primarily found in the liver, bone marrow, and spleen. |
| Blood: | A liquid connective tissue that serves as a transport system for supplying cells with nutrients and carrying away their wastes. |
| The average human adult has ___ to ___ quarts of blood circulating through the body. | 5; 6. |
| Plasma: | The fluid portion of the blood. |
| Approximately ___ of blood is plasma (the fluid portion) and the remaining ___ is composed of solid cells and cell parts. | 55%; 45%. |
| Three major types of blood cells: | Red blood cells (erythrocytes), White blood cells (leukocytes), and Platelets. |
| Red blood cells (Erythrocytes): | Cells that transport oxygen throughout the body. They contain a protein called hemoglobin that allows them to carry oxygen. The iron the hemoglobin gives the cells and the blood their red colors. |
| White blood cells (Leukocytes): | Cells responsible for fighting infectious diseases and maintaining the immune system. |
| The five types of white blood cells: | Neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, monocytes, and basophils. |
| Platelets: | Cell fragments that play a central role in the blood clotting process. |
| All blood cells in adults are produced in: | The bone marrow. |
| Red blood cells and most blood cells are produced in the: | Red marrow. |
| Some white blood cells are produced in the: | Yellow bone marrow. |
| The heart is a ___-part, muscular pump that forcefully pushes blood throughout the human body. | Two. |
| The human heart has ___ chambers. ___ upper atria and ___ lower ventricles. | Four; Two; Two. |
| The two upper atria and two lower ventricles are separated by a partition called the: | Septum. |
| ___ valves helps to section off the chambers from one another. | Four. |
| Between the right atrium and ventricle, the three flaps of the ___ ___ keep blood from flowing backwards from the ventricle to the atrium. | Tricuspid valve. |
| Between the left atrium and ventricle, the two flaps of the ___ ___ keep blood from flowing backwards from the ventricle to the atrium. | Mitral valve. |
| The two valves that lie between an atrium and a ventricle is referred to as a: | Atrioventricular valves. (AV) |
| The other two valves are ___ and they control blood flow into the two great arteries leaving the ventricles. | Semilunar. (SL) |
| The ___ ___ connects the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery, while the ___ ___ connects the left ventricle to the aorta. | Pulmonary valve; Aortic valve. |
| A ___ ___ is one complete sequence of cardiac activity. | Cardiac cycle. |
| The cardiac cycle represents the relaxation and contraction of the heart and can be divided into two phases: | Diastole and systole. |
| Diastole: | The phase during which the heart relaxes and fills with blood. It gives rise to the diastolic blood pressure (DBP), which is the bottom number of a blood pressure reading. |
| Systole: | The phase during which the heart contracts and discharges blood. It gives rise to the systolic blood pressure (SBP), which is the top number of a blood pressure reading. |
| Five major blood vessels manage blood flow to and from the heart: | The superior and inferior venae cava, the aorta, the pulmonary artery, and the pulmonary vein. |
| The ___ ___ ___ is a large vein that drains blood from the head and the upper body. | Superior vena cava. |
| The ___ ___ ___ is a large vein that drains blood from the lower body. | Inferior vena cava. |
| The ___ is the largest artery in the human body and carries blood from the heart to the body tissues. | Aorta. |
| The ___ ___ carry blood from the heart to the lungs. | Pulmonary arteries. |
| The ___ ___ transport blood from the lungs to the heart. | Pulmonary veins. |
| In the human body, there are two types of circulation: | Pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation. |
| Pulmonary circulation: | Supplies blood to the lungs. |
| The ___ ___ carry the deoxygenated blood to the lungs. | Pulmonary arteries. |
| The ___ ___ carry oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart. | Pulmonary veins. |
| In the lungs, ___ is absorbed, and __ ___ is released. | Oxygen; Carbon dioxide. |
| Systemic circulation: | Supplies blood to all other parts of the body, excepts the lungs. |
| The ___ delivers blood to the ___ arteries, which supply the body tissues. | Aorta; Systemic. |
| The deoxygenated blood along with carbon dioxide and wastes enter the systemic veins, where they are returned to the right atrium of the heart via the ___ and ___ vena cava. | Superior; Inferior. |
| The ___ system breaks them down into their component nutrients and absorbs them so that the circulatory system can transport the nutrients to other cells to for growth, energy, and cell repair. | Digestive. |
| Digestive system nutrients maybe classified as: | Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. |
| The digestive system is thought of chiefly in two parts: | The digestive tract (also known as the alimentary tract or gastrointestinal tract (GI)) and the accessory digestive organs. |
| The GI tract is the pathway in which food is ___, ___, ___, and ___. | Ingested, digested, absorbed, and excreted. |
| The digestive system is composed of: | The mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, and anus. |
| Peristalsis: | Wave-like contractions of smooth muscle, moves food and wastes through the digestive tract. |
| The accessory digestive organs are the: | Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. |
| The ___ is the entrance to the digestive system. | Mouth. here, the mechanical and chemical digestion of the food begins. |
| Food is chewed mechanically by the teeth and shaped into a ___ by the tongue so it can be easily swallowed by the esophagus. | Bolus. |
| Saliva is secreted from the ___ glands. | Salivary. |
| The largest salivary glands are called: | Parotid glands. |
| Salivary glands secrete: | Amylase. An enzyme that begins chemical digestion and breakdown of the carbohydrates and sugars in the food. |
| The food then moves through the ___ and down the muscular ___ to the stomach. | Pharynx; Esophagus. |
| The stomach: | A large, muscular sac-like organ at the distal end of the esophagus. |
| Chyme: | When bolus turns into a watery nutrient-filled liquid in the stomach and then exits into the small intestine. |
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