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Chapter 17
WEEK 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the alimentary canal? | It is the same thing as your gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) |
| Describe digestion (mechanical) | Begins in the mouth: chewing (also called mastication) |
| Describe digestion (chemical) | Begins in the mouth: Enzyme in saliva called salivary amylase (salivary-it will break down carbohydrates first) Major use of carbs is ENERGY |
| What are the layers of the Alimentary Canal Wall (deep to superficial) ? | 1- Mucosa (DEEP meaning INNERMOST): Secretes 2- Submucosa: Connective tissue, blood vessel 3- Muscularis (smooth muscle): Mostly smooth muscle 4- Serosa (serous membrane)(visceral peritoneum) (SUPERFICIAL meaning OUTERMOST): Touches the organ |
| Explain segementation? | Mixing movements (muscle movement) |
| What is peristalis? | Propelling movements (smooth muscle moves something through a tubular structure with rhythmic movements) |
| What is a frenulum? | Folded mucous membrane, that resembles a string |
| Describe the location of labial frenulum. | Between lip and gum |
| What is the main purpose of the alimentary canal wall? | To aid in the digestive process and help get the food through |
| Describe the location of the lingual frenulum. | Located under the tongue. Anchors the tongue to the bottom of the mouth |
| What are papillae? | Rough projections on the tongue. Contain the taste buds. |
| What is the palate? | It is the roof of the mouth |
| Describe HARD palate. | BONE |
| Describe SOFT palate | SOFT TISSUE |
| What is the Uvula? | It is an extension of the SOFT palate. Cone or tear drop shaped projection that dangles from the back of the throat |
| What are the tonsils? (MALT tissue) | 1-Pharyngeal tonsil (another name: adenoids) 2-Palatine tonsil (tonsillectomy-when tonsils are surgically removed)(Helps protect the body against infection)(Common sites of infection and become inflamed in tonsillitis) 3-Lingual tonsil: Roof of tongue |
| What is tooth enamel? | It is the HARDEST SUBSTANCE in the human body |
| Explain the PRIMARY (temporary) teeth. | They are DECIDUOUS (meaning they shed, and are temporary) Also called "baby teeth" |
| Explain the SECONDARY (permanent) teeth. | These teeth are the teeth that grow in after the PRIMARY (deciduous) teeth. They are also the PERMANENT teeth that we have for the rest of our lives (also called ADULT teeth) |
| What are the WISDOM teeth? | Third molars. |
| Explain the parotid salivary gland. | PAROTID- Location: Near the ears and the LARGEST salivary glands Secretions: High in serous fluid (THIN watery saliva) |
| Explain the sublingual salivary gland. | SUBLINGUAL- Location: Under the tongue Secretions: Saliva high in mucus. (THICKEST saliva) |
| Explain the submandibular salivary gland. | SUBMANDIBULAR- Location: Under the lower jaw Secretions: Saliva mixture, in between saliva (serous and mucus) |
| What is deglutition? | The act of swallowing |
| Explain what Bolus is. | A mass or lump of swallowed material (ex. saliva, water, food) |
| Explain what the esophageal hiatus is. | It is the natural opening in the diaphragm for the esophagus |
| What is a hiatal hernia? | The upper portion of the stomach (called a fundus) has entered the lower thoracic cavity. |
| What is the adult stomach capacity? | 1 LITER |
| What is the gastric rugae? | Gastric folds in the internal stomach. |
| What are the 3 parts of the stomach (also called FUNDUS)? | 1- Fundus 2- Body 3- Pylorus |
| What is stomach acid? | Hydrochloric acid (HCI) |
| What are parietal cells? | Gastric cells that produce HCI and secrete intrinsic factor |
| Name the sphincter at the PROXIMAL beginning of stomach. | Gastroesophageal sphincter- Located above the fundus (between esophagus and body of stomach) |
| Name the sphincter at the DISTAL end of stomach. | Pyloric sphincter (also called: gastroduodenal sphincter)- Located at the end of the body of the stomach, right before reaching the duodenum |
| What is pepsin? | The most important gastric enzyme that begins as PEPSINOGEN. |
| What is intrinsic factor and what is it used for? | Used in small intestine for B12 absorption. |
| What is Cholecystokinin (CCK) ? | Peptide hormone, made in the small intestine. -Released upon consumption of proteins and fats. -Stimulates the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes -Stimulates the gallbladder to contract & release bile -Slows gastric emptying and increase satiety |
| Explain Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) ? | (heartburn) -Can lead to esophageal cancer |
| Name the 4 elements commonly found in antacids? | -Sodium (S) -Calcium (C) -Aluminum (A) -Magnesium (M) (think "SCAM" as an acronym) |
| What is chyme? | It is the semifluid paste of saliva, food, gastric juices, etc.. in the stomach -It's purpose is to deliver nutrients to the small intestine and absorption in the bloodstream |
| What is an emetic? | A substance that stimulates vomiting |
| What is an antiemetic? | A substance made to decrease or stop vomiting |
| Explain vomiting and nausea. | Central nervous system (CNS)(Medulla Oblongota) controls nausea and vomiting. |
| What 4 digestive enzyme secretions does the pancreas secrete ? | -The pancreas produces and releases enzymes into the duodenum (inside=exocrine) 1- PANCREATIC AMYLASE: Enzyme secreted by the pancreas that breaks down starch into smaller sugars in the small intestine 2- LIPASE: Breaks down lipids |
| What 4 digestive enzyme secretions does the pancreas secrete ? (CONTINUED) | 3-NUCLEASES: Contains the cells chromosomes (DNA & RNA) 4- PROTEASES: Enzymes that break down protein |
| What ion does the pancreas secrete ? | The ION secreted by the pancreas: Bicarbonate ion, which raises the pH in the duodenum to 8 or higher |
Created by:
ahnathefutureRN29
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