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BIO101 HUMAN A&P
BIO101 AP Chapter 1 ECPI
| Origins of Medical Science | Depended on superstition and magic Observation of injuries, wound healing and dead bodies Experimentation and creation of of new terminology Study cadavers |
| Define Anatomy | "cutting open" Describes the shape and structures of the body and the relationship of one body part to another |
| Define Physiology | "relationship to nature" Functions of anatomical structures, individually and cooperatively |
| Define "-ology" | "the study of" |
| Living organsims are characterized by what | Responsiveness, Growth, Reproduction, Movement, and Metabolism |
| Requirements of Organisms are what | Water, Food, Oxygen, Heat, and Pressure |
| Water | Most abundant substance in the body, environment for metabolic processes, required for transport of substances, and regulation of body temperature |
| Food | Supply energy and raw materials for the production of necessary substances and for the regulation of vital reactions |
| Oxygen | Helps release energy from food substances |
| Heat | helps regulate the rates of metabolic reactions and maintain body temperatures (form of energy) |
| What are the levels of organization? | Subatomic particles, atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, and organ system |
| What are the subatomic particles? | Protons, neutrons, and electrons |
| What is an atom? | Tiny particles that make up chemicals (Hydrogen and carbon) |
| What is a molecule? | Particles consisting of atoms joined together (water and glucose) |
| What is a macromolecule? | Large particles consisting of molecules (DNA and protein) |
| What is an organelle? | Functional part of a cell (mitochondrion and lysosomes) |
| What is a cell? | Basic unit of structure and functions (muscle, nerve, and blood cell) |
| What are tissues? | Layer of mass of cells with specific function (adipose tissue) |
| What is an organ? | Group of different tissues with a function (heart, kidney, and stomach) |
| What is an organ system? | Group of organs with a common function (digestive system) |
| Describe an Atom | Smallest unit of matter Forms chemical elements Made up of Subatomic substances |
| Describe a Molecule | Atoms that are joined together |
| Describe a Macromolecule | DNA, lipid, and protein |
| Describe an Organelle | Cellular structures that carry out specific activities |
| Describe a Cell | Basic unit of life Varies in size and function |
| Describe Tissues | Group of cells Have specific functions |
| Describe an Organ | Group of different types of tissues |
| Describe an Organ System | Cardiovascular, Digestive System, Lymphatic, etc. |
| What are the Organ Systems? | Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, and Reproductive |
| What are the Characteristics of Life? | Growth, Reproduction, Responsiveness, Movement, Metabolism, Respiration, Digestion, CIrculation, and Excretion |
| Describe Growth | Increase cell number/size |
| Describe Reproduction | Production of new cells |
| Describe Movement | Change in position |
| Describe Metabolism | Sum of all chemical reactions |
| Describe Respiration | Making energy |
| Describe Digestion | Breaking down food |
| Describe Excretion | Removing waste products |
| What is Homeostasis? | Systems that work together to maintain a stable internal environment |
| What are Homeostasis Mechanisms? | Self regulating systems that monitor aspects of the internal environment and correct them as needed |
| What does the Receptor do? | Recieves the stimulus, detects and provides information about the stimuli |
| What does the Control Center do? | Processes the signal and sends instructions, decision maker that maintains the set point |
| What does the Effector do? | The muscle or gland that responds to the control center and takes action, carries out the instructions and causes the appropriate response |
| What is part of the Homestatic Regulation? | Negative Feedback Loop and Positive Feedback Loop |
| What is the Negative Feedback Loop? | Most common, Reverse distrubances to body's condition, and prevents sudden, severe changes |
| What is the Positive Feedback Loop? | Uncommon, Incease the level of an event that has already started, and its short lived |
| Anatomical Position | Standing, hands at sides, palms forward |
| Supine Position | Laying down, Face up |
| Prone Position | Laying down, Face down |
| Anterior/Ventral | Front |
| Posterior/Dorsal | Back |
| Cephalic | Toward the head |
| Caudal | Toward the feet |
| Superior | Above |
| Inferior | Below |
| Medial | Toward Midline |
| Lateral | Away from Midline |
| Proximal | Toward the point of attachment or origin |
| Distal | Away from the point of attachment or origin |
| Superficial/external | On or near the surface |
| Deep/internal | Deep inside |
| Sagittal Plane | Right/Left parts |
| Midsagittal Plane | Equal right/left parts |
| Parasagittal Plane | Sagittal section lateral to midline; Divides the body into unequal left and right portions |
| Coronal (frontal) Plane | Vertical at right angles to the sagittal plane; Divides body into anterior and posterior portions |
| Transverse or cross section | Horizontal; Divides body into upper and lower parts |
| Cross Section | A cut across the structure |
| Oblique Section | An angular cut |
| Longitudinal Section | A lengthwise cut |
| 2 main portions of the body | Axial and Appendicular |
| Axial Portion | Head, Neck, Butt |
| Posterior (Dorsal) Cavity | Cranial Cavity (Brain) Vertebral Canal (Spinal Cavity) (Spinal Cord) |
| Anterior (Ventral) Cavity | Thoracic Cavity (Lungs and Thoracic Viscera) Abdominopelvic Cavity (Abdominal Cavity, Pelvic Cavity) |
| Thoracic Cavity consists of what? | Mediastinum and Pleural Cavity |
| Describe the Mediastinum | Contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus |
| Describe the Pleural Cavity | Hosts the lungs |
| Abdominopelvic Cavity consists of what? | Abdominal Cavity and the Pelvic Cavity |
| Describe the Abdominal Cavity | Liver, stomach, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, small and large intestines |
| Describe the Pelvic Cavity | Portion of the large intestines, urinary bladder and internal reproductive organs |
| What is apart of the Abdominopelvic Cavity? | Epigastric Region, Hypochondriac Region, Umbilical, Right/Left Lumbar, Hypogastric, Right/Left iliac |
| Locate the Epigastric Region | Just below the sternum |
| Locate the Hypochondriac Region | Below the ribs |
| Locate the Umbilical Region | Around the belly button |
| Locate the Right/Left Lumbar | Extend from anterior to posterior |
| Locate the Hypogastric Region | Pubic area |
| Locate the Right/Left iliac | Right/Left inguinal area |
| Describe the Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Membranes | Lined by double-layered serous membranes, which secrete sereous fluid |
| What does the serous membranes do? | Prevents friction |
| What are the 2 layers of the serous membranes? | Visceral and Parietal layers |
| Describe the Visceral layer | Inner layer (covers organs) |
| Describe the Parietal layer | Outer layer (lines wall) |
| What are the smaller cavities in the body? | Cranial, Orbital, Nasal, Middle Ear, and Oral/Buccal |
| What is apart of the orbital cavities? | Eyes, eyeball muscles, optic nerves, and lacrimal ducts |
| What is apart of the Nasal cavity? | Nose and sinuses |
| What is apart of the oral/buccal cavity? | Teeth/Tongue |
| Describe the Integumentary System | Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands Provides protection Body temperature regulation Sensory reception Production of Vitamin D |
| Describe the Skeletal and Muscular System | Supports and provides movement |
| Describe the Skeletal System | Bones, ligaments cartilages Attachments for muscles Support and protect Storage for inorganic salts Production of blood cells |
| Describe the Muscular System | Support and movement Maintains body posture Main source of body heat |
| Describe the Nervous and Endocrine System | Integration and Coordination |
| Describe the Nervous System | Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs Electrical and chemical signals Integration and coordination of organ function through nerve impulses and neurotransmitters Rapid short-term effects |
| Describe the Endocrine System | Integration and coordination of organ function through chemical messenges called hormones which act on glands Slower, longer-lasting effects |
| Describe the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems | Transports materials throughout the body |
| Describe the Cardiovascular System | Heart, blood, and blood vessels |
| Describe the Lymphatic System | Lymph nodes, thymus, spleen Carries out immune functions |
| Describe the Digestive, Respiratory and Urinary Systems | Absorption and Excretions |
| Describe the Digestive System | Digestive Tract, liver, pancreas, gallbladder Receives food, absorbs digestion products, excretes waste |
| Describe the Respiratory System | Nasal Cavity and lungs O2 vs CO2 Moves air in and out Exchanges gases between blood and air Absorbs oxygen |
| Describe the Urinary System | Kidney and bladder Removes blood wastes Regulates electrolyte, water balance, and blood pressure Produces urine and excretes it by transporting it to outside the body |
| Describe the Reproductive System | Male and Female systems produce and transport sex cells Produce hormones and produce new live organisms Females provide for fetal development and child birth |
| What are the male reproductive organs? | Scrotum, testes, penis, glands, sperm and testosterone |
| What are the female reproductive organs? | Ovaries, Uterine tube, uterus, vagina, egg, estrogen and progesterone |
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