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BIO101 HUMAN A&P
BIO101 AP Chapter 3 ECPI
| Describe Cells | Smallest Units of Life. Come from the division of pre-existing cells. Developed specialized characteristics (differentiated). 290 different types of cells. Vary in size, shape, and function. |
| Cell Anatomy | A composite cell shows components found in most cells. |
| Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane consists of what | Phosopholipids |
| Cytoplasm consists of what | Cytosol, Organelles, Cytoskeleton |
| Define Cytosol | Liquid in the cells (intracellular fluid) |
| Define Organelles | Each have specific functions |
| Define Cytoskeleton | Framework of the cell |
| Functions of the Nucleus | Stores genetic material. Directs cells activities |
| Organelles in a composite cell consists of what | Mitochondria, Lysosomes, Peroxisome, Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| Function of the Mitochondria | Produces ATP |
| Function of the Lysosomes | Trashcan of the cell |
| Function of the Peroxisome | Detoxifies the cell |
| Function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | Produces protein |
| Function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | Produces lipids |
| Functions of the Plasma Membrane | Physical outer boundary of the cell. Maintains integrity of cell. Consists of lipids and proteins. Regulation of exchange. Sensitivity and metabolic activty. |
| The plasma membrane separates intracellular fluid from what | Extracellular Fluid |
| Plasma Membranes are what | Selectively Permable (regulates entry and exit of substances) |
| What is Signal Transduction | Permits cell to recieve and respond to messages |
| Structures of Plasma Membrane | Phosopholipid Bilayer, Carbohydrates and Membrane proteins |
| Phospholipid Bilayes are both ______ and ______. | Water soluble and water insoluble |
| Water-Soluble heads form _____. | Surfaces |
| Water-Insoluble tails form ______. | Interior |
| The bilayer is permeable to _____ substances, but not to _____ substances. | Lipid-Soluble; Water-Soluble |
| Functions in Membrane Proteins | Pores, channels, receptors, enzymes, cell contact, and identification, CAMS (cell adhesion molecules). |
| Intergral proteins ____ signals. | Tranduce |
| Peripheral Proteins are ______ proteins for enzymes. | Receptor |
| Cytoplasm consists of what | Networks of membranes and organelles suspended in cytosol. |
| Define Cytosol | Fluid portion of the cytoplasm |
| Define Organelles | Tiny solid structures with specific function in the cell. |
| Cytoplasm contains the _____, a supporting framework of protein rods and tubules. | Cytoskeleton |
| Cytoskeletons provide ____ and ____. | Support and movement |
| Define Nucleus | Contains all the DNA of the cell; Control center of the cell. |
| Define Nuclear Envelope | Phospholipid bilayer membrane surrounds nucleus |
| Define Nuclear Pores | "Holes" in the membrane that allow mRNA to leave the nucleus |
| Define Nucleolus | Dense body of RNA + protein. Site of Ribosome production. |
| Define Chromatin | Consists of cell's chromosomes, each containing DNA wound around proteins |
| Define Chromosomes | Contains 46 chromosomes/23 pairs |
| What is the Mitochondria | Membrane bound, fluid filled sacs. The powerhouse of the cell. |
| Function of the Mitochondria | Energy production; produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Stores ATP |
| Function of Ribosomes | Used for protein synthesis |
| What are Ribosomes composed of | Proteins and RNA |
| What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum | Membrane bound sacs, canals, and vesicles |
| Rough ER has _____ on the surface. | Ribosomes |
| Rough ER conducts _____. | Protein synthesis |
| Smooth ER lacks ______. | Ribosomes |
| Smooth ER is responsible for _______ of carbohydrates and ______, and ______ drugs. | Synthesis; lipids; detoxifizes |
| Golgi Apparatus are what | Sacs of flattened, membranous sacs |
| Golgi Apparatus recieves _____ from _____ in the membrane bound _______. | Proteins; Rough ER; Transport vesicles |
| Golgi Apparatus _____, ______, and ______ the products into the membrane. | Folds, processes and packages |
| Define Vesicles | Membraneous Sacs |
| Function of vesicles | Transport substances within a cell or between cells |
| Define Peroxisme | Membrane bound vesicles, containing oxidative enzyme mixture. |
| Peroxism decomposes _______. | Hydrogen Peroxide |
| Peroxism breaks down ______. | Fatty Acids |
| Peroxism is abundant in the _____. It _______ alcohol. | Liver; Detoxifies |
| What are thread like structures in the cytoplasm that create the cytoskeleton? | Microfilaments, Microtubules, and Intermediate Filaments |
| Define Microfilaments | Tiny rods of actin |
| Define Microtubules | Larger Tubes of tubulin |
| Intermediate Filaments are composed of _____. | Several proteins |
| Function of Microfilaments | Provides cellular movement (muscle contraction) |
| Function of Microtubules | Maintain cell shape; Make up cilia, flagella, and centrioles. Helps move organelles |
| Function of Intermediate Filaments | Support nuclear envelope |
| Centrosomes are composed of what? | Pairs of centrioles (perpendicular) |
| Centrosomes are important for _____. | Cell divison |
| Centrosomes produce ______ during cell divison. | Spindle Fibers |
| Cilia and Flagella are _____ of cells. | Projections |
| Cilia and Flagella are made up of _____. | Microtubules |
| Cilia are microscopic ____. | Hairs |
| The cilia assist with cell _____ and _____ of substances. | Movement; Transportation |
| The cilia propel mucus in the ______ tract and the egg towards the _____. | Respiratory; Uterus |
| Define Lysosomes | Membrane bound vesicle |
| Lysosomes are filled with _____. | Digestive enzymes |
| Lysomes is also known as the _____. It removes _____ or old organelles. | Garbage Disposal; Damaged |
| Apoptosis is known as ______. | Cell Suicide |
| Floor of the factory | Cytoplasm |
| Doors and Windows of the factory | Cell membrane |
| Support beams in the factory | Cytoskeleton |
| Main office in the factory | Nucleus |
| Energy Station/Bank of the factory | Mitochondria |
| Machines in the factory | Ribosomes |
| Assembly Line in the factory | Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| Passive Transport _____ require ATP | Does Not |
| Active Transport _____ require ATP | Does |
| Define Diffusion | Movement of molecules dissolved in a liquid |
| Types of Diffusion | Simple, Facilitated and Osmosis |
| Simple Diffusion crosses the membrane _____. | Directly |
| Facilitated Diffusion requires _____. | Transport/Channel |
| Osmosis is the movement of ____. | Water |
| _____ follows ____. | Water; Salt |
| Define Tonicity | Ability of a solution outside cell to alter water volume inside cell |
| Define Isotonic Solution | Same osmotic pressure. Cells have no net gain or loss of water |
| Define Hypotonic Solution | Lower osmotic pressure. Cells gain water. |
| Define Hypertonic Solution | Higer osmotic pressure. Cells lose water. |
| When a red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, water enters the cell by osmosis, causing the cell to _____. | Burst/Swell |
| When a red blood cell is placed in an isotonic solution, water moves into and out of the cell at the same rate. Cell shape is _____. | Normal |
| When a red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, water moves by osmosis out of the cell and into the solution, resulting in______. | Shrinkage |
| What is filtration? | A process that forces molecules through membranes by exerting pressure |
| When is filtration used? | To separate solids from water or small particles from large ones |
| What process is used in filtration? | Passive |
| What is active transport? | Using energy to pump substances against their concentration gradient. |
| When things are too ____, they need vesicles. | Big |
| Define Receptor Mediated | Moves specific types of particles into a cell which have bound to receptor proteins on the membrane |
| Define Pinocytosis | Cell Drinking to move extracellular fluid into the cell |
| Define Phagocytosis | Cell Eating to move particles into the cell |
| Define Exocytosis | Materials that are released from the cell |
| Define Transcytosis | Quickly transport susbtance from one end of the cell to the other. Moves substances across barriers formed by tightly connected cells |
| Define Mitosis | "copy and paste". Two identical cells (somatic cells) |
| Define Meiosis | Gametes/Reproductive cells |
| What is a cell cycle | Series of changes that a cell undergoes |
| Interphase | Growth of a cell |
| Mitosis | Division of nucleus |
| What phases are in Mitosis | Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase |
| Cytokinesis | Division of cytoplasm |
| Interphase | Cell grows, replicated and synthesizes |
| Phases in Interphase | S, G1 and G2 |
| What happens in the S phase? | DNA is replicated |
| What happens in G1 and G2 phase? | Structures are duplicated |
| What happens in Prophase? | Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes, centrioles move to opposite sides of cytoplasm, nuclear envelope and nucleolus disperse |
| What happens in Metaphase? | Spindle fibers from centrioles attach to chromosomes and align them midway between centrioles |
| What happens in Anaphase? | Chromosomes separate and move in opposite directions toward centrioles as the spindle fibers shorten |
| What happens in Telophase? | Chromosomes return to chromatin structure, nuclear envelope forms around each chromosome set, and nucleoli become visible |
| What happens in Cytokinesis? | Cytoplasmic division. Begins in anaphase and ends in telophase. |
| Constriction of the cytoplasm is called | Cleavage Furrow |
| How does cancer form? | Uncontrollable cell division |
| What is a tumor? | Neoplasm (a mass) |
| What does metastasis mean? | Spreading of the tumor |
| What are the 2 major genes that cause cancer? | Oncogenes and Tumor suppressor genes |
| Oncogenes _____ cell division | Stimulate |
| Tumor suppressor genes ______ cell division | Inhibits |
| Apoptosis is ____ cell death | Normal |
| Necrosis is _____ cell death | Not normal |
| Necrosis is cell death from _____. | Damage |
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