Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
AP Lecture Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the parasympathetic division also called? | Rest and digest |
| What is the sympathetic division also called? | Fight or flight |
| What are hormones? | Chemical messengers released by endocrine glands into the blood |
| What does TSH do? | Stimulates the thyroid gland |
| What does FSH do? | Helps produce eggs and sperm |
| What is the function of ADH? | Helps kidneys retain water and decreases urine output |
| What type of hormone is aldosterone? | Mineralocorticoid steroid hormone (Lipid Soluble) |
| What hormones does the adrenal medulla produce? | Epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| What does the zona reticularis produce? | Androgens |
| What does the zona glomerulosa produce? | Aldosterone (mineralocorticoids) |
| What do pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins carry blood to? | Pulmonary arteries → lungs; Pulmonary veins → heart |
| What causes the plateau phase in cardiac muscle action potentials? | Calcium ions entering the cell |
| Where is the pacemaker of the heart located? | SA node in the right atrium |
| What is the order of the heart’s conducting system? | SA node → AV node → AV bundle → Purkinje fibers |
| Which valve does blood pass through leaving the right ventricle? | Pulmonary semilunar valve |
| Where does the right ventricle pump blood and where does the left ventricle pump blood? | Right ventricle → lung Left ventricle → body/systemic circulation |
| What are the tunica intima and tunica media in blood vessels? | Tunica intima = innermost layer of a blood vessel Tunica media = muscular middle layer of a blood vessel |
| Which vessels contain more elastic and collagen fibers: arteries or veins? | Arteries |
| What are the 3 types of capillaries? | Continuous capillaries Fenestrated capillaries Sinusoidal capillaries |
| Do veins carry blood to or from the heart? | To the heart |
| In which blood vessels do exchanges occur between blood and cells? | Capillaries |
| How is the vena cava classified? | A large vein |
| What is resistance and what does it do to blood flow? | Resistance opposes blood flow and decreases it |
| What increases blood flow to a tissue? | Arteriole dilation (vasodilation) |
| What is the function of the lymphatic system? | Returns fluid to the blood and helps defend against infection |
| What is the lymphatic system made of? | Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, and lymph |
| Which cells are responsible for humoral immunity? | B cells (B lymphocytes) |
| Lymphatic vessels occur in association with what? | Blood vessels |
| Where are stem cells that form lymphocytes found? | Red bone marrow |
| What does the thymus do? | Matures T cells |
| What is adaptive immunity? | Specific immunity that develops after exposure to pathogens |
| During a primary immune response, which antibody is higher first: IgG or IgM? | IgG is higher first |
| What structures make up the conducting portion of the airway? | Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles |
| What is the function of Type II pneumocytes? | Produce surfactant to reduce surface tension in the lungs |
| What is external respiration vs internal respiration? | External respiration = gas exchange between lungs and blood Internal respiration = gas exchange between blood and tissues |
| How do the diaphragm and external intercostals affect lung volume? | When they contract, lung volume increases; when they relax, lung volume decreases |
| What does Dalton’s law state? | Total pressure of gases equals the sum of each gas’s partial pressure |
| How is oxygen transported in blood vs carbon dioxide? | Oxygen mainly binds to hemoglobin; carbon dioxide is mainly transported as bicarbonate ions |
| Which direction does carbon dioxide move during internal respiration? | From tissues into the blood |
| What are the functions of blood? | Transport, regulation, and protection |
| What is the normal pH of blood? | About 7.35–7.45 |
| What are the formed elements of blood? | Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets |
| What is the most abundant protein in blood plasma? | Albumin |
| Where do red blood cells originate? | Red bone marrow |
| Which white blood cells are granular? | Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils |
| Which white blood cells release histamine? | Basophils |
| What is the function of the urinary system? | Removes wastes and helps regulate water, electrolytes, and pH |
| What is a glomerulus? | A network of capillaries in the kidney that filters blood |
| What mechanism reabsorbs glucose in the PCT? | Co-transport (sodium-glucose transport) |
| How is dilute urine made? | By reabsorbing solutes without reabsorbing as much water |
| What makes up the renal corpuscle? | Glomerulus and glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule) |
| What are the accessory organs of digestion? | Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and teeth/tongue |
| What is digestion? | The breakdown of food into absorbable molecules |
| What is peristalsis? | Wave-like muscular contractions that move food through the GI tract |
| What is the function of the large intestine? | Absorbs water and forms feces |
| What do parietal cells, chief cells, and G cells secrete? | Parietal = HCl Chief = pepsinogen G cells = gastrin |
| What is the function of pepsin? | Breaks down proteins |
| What are the functions of secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK)? | Secretin stimulates bicarbonate release; CCK stimulates enzyme release and gallbladder contraction |
| : What enzymes does the pancreas produce? | Amylase, lipase, and proteases like trypsin |
| What are mass movements and where do they occur? | Strong contractions in the large intestine that move fecesA: Strong contractions in the large intestine that move feces |
| What is the function of lymphatic vessels in digestion? | Absorb and transport fats |
| What is the path sperm travels from the testis to the urethra? | Testis → epididymis → ductus deferens → urethra |
| Which organ carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra? | Ductus deferens |
| Where does sperm production occur? | Seminiferous tubules in the testes |
| What do the prostate gland, seminal glands, and bulbourethral glands do? | Produce fluids that make up semen |
| What is the role of FSH in males and females? | Males = stimulates sperm production Females = stimulates follicle development |
| What happens when FSH levels increase in the ovarian cycle? | Follicles develop in the ovary |
| What happens during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle? | The endometrium rebuilds and thickens |
| What phase occurs when progesterone levels decrease? | Menstrual phase |
| What hormone does the corpus luteum secrete? | Progesterone |
| What do the testes and ovaries have in common? | Both produce gametes and hormones |
| What is development? | Changes that occur as an organism grows and matures |
| What happens when a sperm contacts the oocyte? | The oocyte completes meiosis II and fertilization begins |
| Where does fertilization usually occur? | Uterine (fallopian) tube |
| What generally happens in each trimester? | 1st = organs form 2nd = growth and movement 3rd = rapid growth and maturation |
| What is implantation? | Attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine wall |
| What is capacitation? | Functional maturation of sperm in the female reproductive tract |
| What does the embryoblast form? | The embryo |
| What do the yolk sac, amnion, and chorion form? | Support structures for the developing embryo/fetus |
| How many centimeters must the cervix dilate for true labor? | 10 cm |
| What is afterbirth? | Expulsion of the placenta after delivery |
| What is the acrosomal reaction? | Release of enzymes from the sperm to penetrate the egg |
| How are sperm attracted to the egg? | Chemicals released by the egg |
| What happens to estrogen and progesterone levels after delivery? | They decrease |
| Which hormone is responsible for lactation? | Prolactin |
| Which layer hardens to prevent polyspermy? | Zona pellucida |
Created by:
user-2041373
Popular Anatomy sets