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AP Gov.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Federalist 10 | Factions; pluralism |
| Federalist 51 | Separation of powers; checks and balances |
| Federalist 70 | Single executive |
| Federalist 78 | Judiciary; no power of purse nor sword |
| Brutus 1 | No pluralism; small republic |
| Article I | Legislative; Congress; House and Senate |
| Article II | Executive; President, cabinet |
| Article III | Judicial; Supreme Court |
| Article IV | All state laws are recognized by government as applicable within state borders; process to take in new states |
| Article V | Amending the constitution; 2/3rds of House and Senate to propose a new amendment, 3/4ths of states to ratify |
| Necessary and Proper Clause | Congress can make any law it sees as necessary |
| Supremacy Clause | Federal laws > State laws |
| 1st Amendment | Freedom of religion, press, assembly, press; establishment and free exercise clauses |
| 2nd Amendment | Right to bear arms |
| 3rd Amendment | No quartering of soldiers |
| 4th Amendment | No unlawful seizure/search |
| 5th Amendment | No self-incrimination; due process |
| 6th Amendment | Right to a speed trial |
| 7th Amendment | Right to a jury trial |
| 8th Amendment | No cruel or unusual punishments |
| 9th Amendment | Not all rights of the people are listed in the constitution |
| 10th Amendment | Rights not given to the federal gov. are given to the states |
| 13th Amendment | Freed the enslaved |
| 14th Amendment | Made the formerly enslaved citizens; birthright citizenship; equal protections |
| 15th Amendment | Right to vote for all men |
| Establishment Clause | Gov. will not sponsor any religion |
| Free Exercise Clause | Anyone can follow any religion they wish |
| Due Process | No jail time without due process of law |
| 16th Amendment | Taxes on income without discriminating based on income |
| 17th Amendment | Senators are directly elected by the people |
| 18th Amendment | No liquor |
| 19th Amendment | Right to vote for women |
| 22nd Amendment | Two terms for president max |
| 23rd Amendment | D.C. got electoral votes |
| 24th Amendment | No poll taxes |
| 25th Amendment | Line of succession for president and VP |
| 26th Amendment | Voting age lowered from 21 to 18 |
| Marbury v. Madison | Judicial Review |
| McCulloch v. Maryland | Supremacy clause |
| US v. Lopez | Decreases power of federal gov.; gun free school zones and commerce clause |
| Baker v. Carr | One person = one vote; courts on redis |
| Shaw v. Reno | Majority-minority districts violate 14th |
| Engel v. Vitale | No religious activities in schools enforced by state/school; establishment clause |
| Wisconsin v. Yoder | Free exercise; no forcing Amish kids past 8th grade |
| Tinker v. Des Moines | Armband students; free speech as long as it doesn't cause a distraction |
| Schenck v. US | Clear and present danger is grounds to limit speech |
| NY Times v. US | Freedom of press; news can report on leaked confidential materials |
| McDonald v. Chicago | 2nd Amendment incorporated through 14th |
| Gideon v. Wainwright | Defender provided for all per 6th |
| Brown v. Board of Education | No racial segregation in schools; 14th |
| Prior restraint | Censorship of press before publication may be okay or not, depends on materials being leaked |
| Filibuster | Senators debate for a long time to waste time and block voting on legislation |
| Enumerated Powers | In the constitution |
| Implied Powers | Not listed in the constitution |
| Categorical Grants | Money from gov. for states used for specific things |
| Block Grants | Money from gov. for states for whatever they want |
| Mandates | Orders from gov. states must follow |
| Rational Choice Voting | Personal interest and self benefit |
| Retrospective Voting | Past performance of party/candidate |
| Prospective Voting | Promises and hope for future |
| Party-Line/Straight Ticket | Allegiance for one party |
| Pork Barrel Strategy | Added provision to get more votes for a bill |
| Executive Orders | Legally binding directives; not laws |
| Signing Statements | How president interprets a law |
| Veto | President says no to bill |
| Emergency Powers | Powers unlocked during emergencies |
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