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AP Gov Amendments
Amendments, clauses, articles, legislation, and supreme court cases
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Amendment 1 | Right to speech, press, petition, assembly, and religion |
| Amendment 2 | Right to bear arms for self-defense |
| Amendment 3 | No quartering soldiers |
| Amendment 4 | No search without a warrant/no unreasonable search and seizure |
| Amendment 5 | No self incrimination, due process rights, fair treatment in legal proceedings |
| Amendment 6 | Right to a fair, speedy, and public trial by an impartial jury, guarantees rights for the accused |
| Amendment 7 | In criminal cases, you have the right to trial by jury |
| Amendment 8 | No cruel or unusual punishment, no excessive bail or fines |
| Amendment 9 | Any rights not specifically listed in the constitution are still retained by the people |
| Amendment 10 | Reinforces federalism by reserving all powers not delegated to the federal government for the states or the people |
| Amendment 11 | Restricts federal courts from hearing lawsuits against a state filed by a citizen or foreign country, establishing state sovereign immunity. |
| Amendment 12 | electors cast separate ballots for president and vice president |
| Amendment 13 | Abolished slavery |
| Amendment 14 | equal protection for all citizens, due process, naturalization, and selective incorporation. |
| Amendment 15 | Black men get the right to vote |
| Amendment 16 | Federal income tax |
| Amendment 17 | Direct election of senators by popular vote |
| Amendment 18 | Prohibition |
| Amendment 19 | Women get the right to vote |
| Amendment 20 | Changes the presidential inauguration date to January 20th and congressional sessions to January 3 |
| Amendment 21 | Reversed prohibition |
| Amendment 22 | President can only serve 2 terms |
| Amendment 23 | DC residents get the right to vote |
| Amendment 24 | No poll tax |
| Amendment 25 | Procedural proceedings for presidential succession |
| Amendment 26 | Lowered the voting age to 18 |
| Amendment 27 | Congress doesn't get their pay raise until after the next election |
| Necessary and Proper clause (elastic clause) | Grants congress implied powers to pass laws essential to carry out it's enumerated powers (article I) |
| Due process clause | Prohibits the government from depriving individuals of "life, liberty, and property, without due process of law". (5th amendment) |
| Equal protection clause | Prohibits states from denying any person "equal protection of the laws". Central to racial discrimination cases. (14th amendment) |
| Tax and spend clause | Empowers Congress to collect taxes and spend money for the "common defense and general welfare". AKA power of the purse. (Article I) |
| Commerce clause | Grants Congress the power to regulate commerce with foreign nations, among the several states, and with the Indian tribes. (article I) |
| Contracts clause | Prohibits the states from passing laws that impair the obligation of contracts - restricts state powers. (Article I) |
| Establishment clause | Prohibits the government from establishing an official religion, favoring one religion over another, or favoring religion over non-religion |
| Supremacy clause | Established that the constitution, federal laws, and treaties constitute the "supreme law of the land" - federal law takes precedence over conflicting state laws (article VI) |
| Full faith and credit clause | Requires states to recognize and enforce the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of other states - ensures legal binding contracts - like marriages and contracts - are valid in all states. (article IV) |
| Privileges and immunities clause | Prevents states from from unreasonably discriminating against citizens of other states, ensuring they receive the same fundamental rights, protections, and economic opportunities as residents. (Article IV) |
| Extradition clause | Mandated that states return individual accused of serious crimes to the state where the crime was committed. (article IV) |
| Reserve clause | Reserves powers not delegated to the federal government- not prohibited to the states - are reserved for the states or the people. |
| Free exercise clause | Prevents the government from interfering with an individuals practice of their religion (1st amendment) |
| Take care clause | Mandates the president the ensure federal laws are faithfully executed (article II) |
| Citizenship clause | All persons born or naturalized in the US, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the US and of the state where they reside (14th amendment) |
| Takings clause (eminent domain) | The power of the government to take private property for public use without the owners consent. (5th amendment) |
| Article I | Established the legislative branch |
| Article II | Established the executive branch |
| Article III | Established the judicial branch |
| Article IV | Federalism |
| Article V | Amendment process |
| Article VI | Supremacy clause, national debts, religious tests |
| Article VII | Established the ratification process |
| Three-fifths clause | An agreement allowing southern states to count 60% of their enslaved population for taxation and representation in the house (Article I) |
| Writ of habeas corpus | Fundamental court orders demand that a detained person can be brought before a judge to determine if their imprisonment is lawful. It prevents unlawful detention, ensures due process, and can only be suspended by Congress during rebellion or invasion. |
| Writ of habeas corpus | Fundamental court orders demand that a detained person can be brought before a judge to determine if their imprisonment is lawful. It prevents unlawful detention, ensures due process, and can only be suspended by Congress during rebellion or invasion. |
| Bill of attainder (AOC) | A legislative act declaring a person guilty of a crime and punishing them without a judicial trial, which is explicitly prohibited by the US Constitution. (Banned by Article I) |
| Ex post facto law (AOC) | A law that retroactively punishes an act, increases penalties, or changes rules of evidence for a crime committed before the law passed. Explicitly prohibited by Article I of the constitution. |
| Double Jeopardy (AOC) | Prohibits prosecuting a defendant twice for the same crime by the government. It ensures finality in criminal cases , meaning a person acquitted or convicted cannot be retried for the same offense. (14th amendment) (Article V). |
| Pendleton civil service act | Shifted federal bureaucracy from a spoils system to a merit-based system, requiring competitive examinations for federal jobs. Established the federal service commission (FSC). |
| National labor relations acts | Guaranteed private sector employees the right to organize, join unions and bargain collectively. Established the NLBR to enforce these rights. |
| Social security act | Created a federal social insurance program to provide economic security for the elderly, unemployed, and disabled. Established the modern American welfare state |
| Taft-Hartley Act | Significantly restricted the power and activities of labor unions in the US |
| War powers resolution | Limits the president's power to commit US armed forces to foreign conflicts without congressional authorization, enforcing congress' power to declare war |
| Civil rights act | Ended segregation in public places and banned employment based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It upheld equal protection under the 14th amendment |
| voting rights act | Banned racial discrimination in voting, enforcing the 15th amendment.Outlawed literacy tests, sent federal registrars to the south, and established preclearance for areas with histories of discrimination |
| Age discrimination in employment act | Prohibits employers from discriminating against workers or job applicants who are 40 years of age or older based on their age. |
| Open housing act | Prohibits discrimination in selling, renting, or financing housing based on race, religion, national origin, or sex |
| National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) | Procedural law that forces federal agencies to "look before they leap". Before the government can start a project, they must study and report on how it will affect the government. |
| Clean air act | Federal law empowering the EPA to set national air quality standards to reduce pollution from both stationary and mobile sources. |
| Clean water act | Federal law that regulates water pollution, aiming to make surface waters fishable and swimmable by establishing water quality standards |
| Title IX of the education Amendment | Prohibits the sex based discrimination of any education program or activity receiving government funding |
| Endangered species act | Federal law designed to protect species at risk of extinction and the ecosystems that they rely on. Often prioritizes species survival over economic costs. |
| War powers act | Federal law designed to limit the president's power to commit the US armed forces to combat without congressional approval |
| Congressional budget impoundment and control act | Reasserted congress' power of the purse over the president. Prohibits the president from refusing to spend funds authorized by Congress. |
| Federal election campaign act | regulates campaign finance by setting limits on contributions, receiving public disclosure of spending and creating the FEC to enforce these laws |
| Balanced budget and emergency deficit control act | Law requires automatic, across the board spending cuts if Congress and the president want to meet specific, declining annual deficit targets |
| Americans with disabilities act | prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in all areas of public life, including jobs, schools. transportation, and public/private places. Guarantees equal opportunity for individuals with disabilities. |
| Motor voter act | Designed to enhance opportunities for every American to register to vote and to maintain the integrity of the electoral process. Allows citizens to register to vote while renewing a driver's licence or other state-issued identification |
| Communications decency act | Made it illegal to make illicit sexual material on the internet accessible to those under 18 |
| Welfare reform act | US law that overhauled welfare by replacing the aid to families with dependent children with temporary assistance for needy families |
| Bipartisan campaign finance reform act | Federal law that regulates campaign financing to reduce the influence of money in politics. Banned soft money and put strict limits on campaign advertising and individual contributions |
| Troubled asset relief program (TARP) | Government program designed to stabilize the US financial system during the great recession. Allowed the treasury department to buy $700 billion worth of troubled assets and equity from banks and other financial institutions. |
| Patient protection and affordable care Act (Obamacare) | Federal law aimed at expanding health insurance access to millions of uninsured Americans, improving coverage equality, and lowering health care costs. |
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suiter.mayhew
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