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Court Cases
Required court cases
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What was the high-yield holding in Marbury v. Masdison? | It established judicial review: court can strike laws that violate the Constitution. (Marbury Won) |
| What was the Constitutional hook of Marbury v. Madison? | Article 3; Separation Of Powers |
| What was the high-yield holding in McCulloch v. Maryland? | Congress has implied powers; states can't tax or block valid federal actions (Federalism) |
| What was the Constitutional hook of McCulloch v. Maryland? | Necessary and Proper Clause; Supremacy Clause |
| What was the high-yield holding in United States v. Lopez? | Congress can't use Commerce Clause to regulate non-economic activity too remotely related to interstate commerce (Gun-Free School Zones Act struck) (Federalism) |
| What was the Constitutional hook of United States v. Lopez? | Commerce Clause; federalism |
| What was the high-yield holding in Engel v. Vitale? | School-sponsored prayer in public schools is unconstitutional (even if "non demoninational" and voluntary) |
| What was the Constitutional hook of Engel v. Vitale? | First Amendment Establishment Clause |
| What was the high-yield holding in Wisconsin v. Yoder? | States can’t force Amish families to follow compulsory schooling past a point when it substantially burdens religious practice without sufficient justification. |
| What was the Constitutional hook of Wisconsin v. Yoder? | First Amendment Free Exercise Clause |
| What was the high-yield holding in Tinker v. Des Moines? | Student speech is protected unless it causes substantial disruption or infringes on others’ rights. |
| What was the Constitutional hook of Tinker v. Des Moines? | First Amendment speech (students) |
| What was the high-yield holding in New York Times v. United States? | Prior restraint (stopping publication ahead of time) is presumptively unconstitutional; heavy burden on government. |
| What was the Constitutional hook of New York Times v. United States? | First Amendment press; prior restraint |
| What was the high-yield holding in Schneck v. United States? | Speech can be restricted when it poses a clear and present danger (wartime context; upheld conviction) |
| What was the Constitutional hook of Schneck v. United States? | First Amendment speech limits |
| What was the high-yield holding in Gideon v. Wainwright? | States must provide an attorney to indigent defendants in serious criminal (felony) cases. |
| What was the Constitutional hook of Gideon v. Wainwright? | Sixth Amendment counsel; 14th incorporation |
| What was the high-yield holding in Roe v. Wade? | Recognized a constitutional right to privacy encompassing abortion decisions (with a framework balancing state interests). |
| What was the Constitutional hook of Roe v. Wade? | 14th Amendment Due Process (privacy) |
| What was the high-yield holding in McDonald v. Chicago? | Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms for self-defense is fundamental and incorporated against state and local governments |
| What was the Constitutional hook of McDonald v. Chicago? | Fourteenth Amendment Due Process |
| What was the high-yield holding in Brown v. Board Of Education? | State-sanctioned segregation of public schools violates the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment, rendering "separate but equal" facilities inherently unequal and unconstitutional |
| What was the Constitutional hook of Brown v. Board Of Education? | Fourteenth Amendment Equal Protection Clause |
| What was the high-yield holding in Baker v. Carr? | Redistricting challenges are justiciable (not automatically “political questions”); opened door to “one person, one vote” line of cases. |
| What was the Constitutional hook of Baker v. Carr? | 14th Amendment Equal Protection; justiciability |
| What was the high-yield holding in Shaw v. Reno? | Racial gerrymanders with bizarre shapes can violate equal protection; subject to strict scrutiny. |
| What was the Constitutional hook of Shaw v. Reno? | 14th Amendment Equal Protection |
| What was high-yield holding in United States v. Federal Election Committee? (FEC) | Government can’t ban independent political expenditures by corporations/unions; spending is protected political speech. |
| What was the Constitutional hook of United States v. Federal Election Commitee? (FEC) | First Amendment (political speech) |
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