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BIO101 HUMAN A&P
BIO101 CH 09 NERVOUS SYSTEM
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| BIO101 CH 9 NERVOUS SYSTEM | |
| Neuron structure where the action potential originates: a. Organ of Corti b. vestibule c. axonal protuberance d. dendritic spine e. axonal hillock | axonal hillock |
| Neurons with resting cell membranes tend to have: a. morphogenic transmembrane capacitance b. more sodium ions inside than outside c. more sodium ions outside than inside d. delimited transmembrane resistance | more sodium ions outside than inside |
| Why is cerebrospinal fluid important? a. serves as a pathway to blood for waste b. all are reasons why CSF is important c. will inform about the body's internal state d. it stabilizes ionic concentration within the CNS | all are reasons why CSF is important |
| Part of the nervous system that carries signals to smooth muscles and glands a. somatic motor division b. reticulary division c. sensory division d. autonomic motor division | autonomic motor division |
| Forms myelin in the peripheral nervous system: a. astrocytes b. microglia c. Schwann cells d. ependymal cells e. oligodendrocytes | Schwann cells |
| Part of the nervous system that carries signals to brain and spinal cord: a. sensory division b. somatic motor division c. reticulary division d. autonomic motor division | sensory division |
| Function of the cerebellum: a. maintains posture b. maintains ion concentrations c. maintains heart rate d. maintains breathing rate | maintains posture |
| Forms myelin in the CNS: a. oligodendrocytes b. schwann cells c. astrocytes d. microglia | oligodendrocytes |
| Part of the CNS: a. stratum spinosum b. plicae circulares c. spinal cord d. peripheral nerves | spinal cord |
| Lobe responsible for associating visual stimuli with other sensory experiences: a. temporal b. occipital c. frontal d. parietal | occipital |
| A more shallow type of groove that separates the cerebrum into lobes. a. fissure b. a falx c. gyrus d. sulcus | sulcus |
| Which would be a characteristic of the dominant hemisphere? a. specializes in non-verbal functions b. emotional & intuitive thought process c. involved w/ language-related activities & complex intellectual functions d. carries on basic functions | involved w/ language-related activities & complex intellectual functions |
| Deep groove that separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum. a. longitudinal fissure b. transverse fissure c. falx cerebri d. central sulcus e. corpus callosum | transverse fissure |
| Forms the internal lining of spaces within the CNS, and circulates cerebrospinal fluid with cilia: a. microglia b. astrocytes c. Schwann cells d. ependymal cells e. oligodendrocytes | ependymal cells |
| The structure within the diencephalon that plays a big role in maintaining homeostasis. a. pituitary gland b. thalamus c. pineal gland d. hypothalamus | hypothalamus |
| Which of the following is NOT part of the brainstem? a. thalamus b. medulla oblongata c. midbrain d. pons | thalamus |
| Contains the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum. a. central sulcus b. falx cerebri c. longitudinal fissure d, transverse fissure e. corpus callosum | corpus callosum |
| Repolarization phase of the action potential is mainly caused by: a. non-gated K+ channels b. voltage-gated Na+ channels c. Non-gated Na+ channels d. Na+/K+-ATPase pump e. Voltage-gated K+ channels | Voltage-gated K+ channels |
| Type of impulse conduction where the action potential appears to jump from one node of Ranvier to the next. a. Transcendental conduction b. Saltatory conduction c. Phasic conduction d. Polymodel conduction e. Isotonic conduction | Saltatory conduction |
| The Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of: | Includes brain + spinal cord Main control & processing center |
| The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consists of: | All nerves outside CNS: cranial and spinal nerves. Carries signals to and from CNS; 12 pairs cranial nerves serve head/neck (some extend to organs). 31 pairs spinal nerves serve rest of the body. |
| PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM- somatic nervous system: | Voluntary → controls skeletal muscles Sensory (afferent) → to CNS (touch, pain, etc.) Motor (efferent) → from CNS → muscles Includes reflexes |
| PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM- autonomic nervous system | Involuntary → organs, glands, heart, smooth muscle Sympathetic → fight or flight Parasympathetic → rest and digest |
| neurosoma (cell body) | serves as the metabolic and regulatory center of the neuron; contains nucleus and typical organelles but lacks centrioles = mature neurons can not divide by mitosis. |
| dendrites: | branched extension from the cell body that receive incoming signals from other neurons, |
| axon: | long process that serves as the output pathway of the neuron. It branches at its terminal end and their branching pattern ends in the synaptic terminal. |
| ependymal cells: | line cavities of the brain and spinal cord; produce CSF, and use cilia the circulate it throughout the CNS, |
| microglia: | small, mobile phagocytes remove debris, microorganisms and damaged cells. especially active after infection, trauma, or stroke. |
| satellite cells: | surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia, providing electrical insulation and regulating chemical environment. |
| Action Potential: | rapid, reversible change in membrane potential that serves as the basic electric signal of neurons. depolarization: Na+ enters cell. repolarization: K+ leaves cell. signal travels down neuron. |
| Resting membrane potential: | at rest, neurons maintain membrane potential of approximately -70 mV; maintained by sodium-potassium pumps and selective ion permeability. **~ -70 mV (inside negative), Maintained by Na⁺/K⁺ pump + ion distribution |
| TYPES OF CONDUCTION- continuous conduction: | in unmyelinated axons, action potential s occur along the entire length of the membrane, resulting in slower signal transmission. |
| TYPES OF CONDUCTION- saltatory conduction: | action potential “jumps” between nodes of Ranvier on a myelinated axon; result: much faster and more energy-efficient nerve signal transmission |
| synapse: | the junction between neurons. presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitters that cross the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell. *gap where neurons pass signals (chemical) |
| chemical transmission: | Neurotransmitters are released from synaptic vesicles by exocytosis and briefly stimulate the postsynaptic membrane. **Electrical signal → converted to chemical signal at synapse. Neurotransmitters released into synaptic cleft, Bind to receptors on next cell |
| THE BRAIN- cerebrum: | largest part of the brain; Controls thinking, memory, decision-making; voluntary movement; Processes senses (touch, vision, hearing, taste, smell); Split into left & right hemispheres; Outer layer = cerebral cortex (conscious thought); has 4 lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital + the insula |
| THE BRAIN- the lobes of the brain: FRONTAL PARIETAL TEMPORAL OCCIPITAL INSULA | Frontal lobe: controls voluntary movement; thinking, planning, decision-making; personality. Parietal lobe: processes touch, pain, temperature; spatial awareness. Temporal lobe: hearing, memory, language. Occipital lobe: vision Insula: emotion, taste integration. |
| THE BRAIN- cerebellum | coordinates movement, maintains posture, and ensures smooth, accurate muscle activity; superficial gray cortex and deep white matter arranged in the arbor vitae pattern. |
| THE BRAIN- meninges: | Three connective tissue layers— dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater—protect and support the brain. |
| THE BRAIN- ventricles and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): | *ventricles have 4 cavities: 2 lateral, 3rd, 4th; contain & circulate CSF. *cerebrospinal fluid is produced by choroid plexus; circulates through ventricles → around brain & spinal cord. CSF functions: Cushions brain (shock absorber), Protects CNS, Helps remove waste, Maintains chemical stability |
| THE BRAIN- brainstem: | Controls vital automatic functions; Breathing, Heart rate, Blood pressure, Basic reflexes (swallowing, coughing); Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla oblongata. |
| THE BRAIN- medulla oblongata: | Connects brain ↔ spinal cord Main Functions: Controls breathing Regulates heart rate & blood pressure Controls reflexes (swallowing, coughing, vomiting) |
| THE BRAIN- pons | acts as a relay between brain regions and plays roles in breathing, sleep, posture, and facial movements. |
| THE BRAIN- midbrain | processes visual and auditory information and coordinates reflexive responses. |
| THE BRAIN- Limbic system | regulates emotions, behavior, and survival-related responses. hippocampus → memory amygdala → fear/emotions hypothalamus → links nervous & endocrine systems |
| THE BRAIN- diencephalon: | includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus, coordinating sensory input, homeostasis, and endocrine interaction. |
| spinal cord | extends from the brainstem through the vertebral canal, giving rise to spinal nerves and serving as a pathway for impulses and reflexes. **FROM FORAMEN MAGNUM DOWN TO L1-L2, consists of 31 segments |
| THE BRAIN- cranial nerves: | Twelve pairs of cranial nerves serve sensory, motor, or mixed functions related to special senses and muscle control. |
| THE BRAIN- left hemisphere: | Logic & reasoning; Language & speech; Math skills; Controls right side of body. |
| THE BRAIN- right hemosphere | Creativity & imagination; Spatial awareness; Emotions/art/music; Controls left side of body. |
| multipolar neurons: | many processes extend from cell body (many dendrites, 1 axon); 99% of neurons; most neurons of CNS, some in autonomic NS |
| bipolar neurons: | 2 processes extend from cell body (1 dendrite, 1 axon); not that common; eyes, ears, nose |
| unipolar neurons (Pseudounipolar) | one process extends from cell body; 2 branches that function as 1 axon (peripheral and central processes); cell bodies are mainly found in ganglia of PNS |
| Cell Membrane Potential | Difference in electrical charge inside vs outside cell; Inside = more negative (~ -70 mV in neurons) |
| Membrane Potential & Ion Distribution | Unequal distribution of ions creates the potential. Na⁺ (sodium) = high outside K⁺ (potassium) = high inside Cl⁻ (chloride) = mostly outside |
| Membrane Potential & Distribution of Ions | Maintained by sodium-potassium pump Pump moves: 3 Na⁺ out 2 K⁺ in Also involves selective permeability (K⁺ leaks out more easily) |
| CRANIAL NERVES- CN I – olfactory nerve | Function: Smell Type: Sensory (S) |
| CRANIAL NERVES- CN II – optic nerve | Function: Vision Type: Sensory (S) |
| CRANIAL NERVES- CN III – oculomotor nerve | Function: Eye movement, pupil constriction Type: Motor (M) |
| CRANIAL NERVES- CN IV – trochlear nerve | Function: Eye movement (down/in) Type: Motor (M) |
| CRANIAL NERVES- CN V – trigeminal nerve | Function: Facial sensation, chewing Type: Both (B) |
| CRANIAL NERVES- CN VI – abducens nerve | Function: Eye movement (outward) Type: Motor (M) |
| CRANIAL NERVES- CN VII – facial nerve | Function: Facial expression, taste (anterior tongue) Type: Both (B) |
| CRANIAL NERVES- N VIII – vestibulocochlear nerve | Function: Hearing & balance Type: Sensory (S) |
| CRANIAL NERVES- CN IX – glossopharyngeal nerve | Function: Taste (posterior tongue), swallowing Type: Both (B) |
| CRANIAL NERVES- CN X – vagus nerve | Function: Controls organs (heart, lungs, digestion) Type: Both (B) |
| CRANIAL NERVES- CN XI – accessory nerve | Function: Head & shoulder movement Type: Motor (M) |
| CRANIAL NERVES- CN XII – hypoglossal nerve | Function: Tongue movement Type: Motor (M) |
| Nerve Fiber Classifications- Sensory (Afferent) Fibers | Carry signals TO the CNS From receptors → brain/spinal cord Example: touch, pain, temperature |
| Nerve Fiber Classifications- Motor (Efferent) Fibers | Carry signals AWAY from CNS From brain/spinal cord → muscles/glands Cause movement or response |
| Nerve Fiber Classifications- Mixed Fibers | Contain both sensory + motor fibers Can send & receive signals |
| astrocytes: | Support & protect neurons; Maintain blood-brain barrier; Provide nutrients to neurons; Regulate ion balance; Help with repair/scar formation |
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