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BIO101 HUMAN A&P
BIO101 CH 11 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| BIO101 CH 11 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM | |
| Which of the following hormones is produced by Alpha cells in the pancreas? a. insulin b. none of these c. glucagon d. somatostatin | glucagon |
| What is the function of insulin? a. to raise glucose levels in the blood. b. none of these c. to increase oxytocin levels. d. to lower glucose levels in the blood. | to lower glucose levels in the blood. |
| Which 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary gland release? a. Thyroid stimulating hormone and adrenaline b. ADH (antidiuretic hormone) and oxytocin c. prolactin and estrogen d. melatonin and calcitonin | ADH(antidiuretic hormone) and oxytocin |
| What is the function of the hypothalamus? a. the direct control of the endocrine system through the pituitary gland b. to produce melanin c. to produce sebum d. none of these | the direct control of the endocrine system through the pituitary gland |
| Where are the parathyroid glands located? a. on top of the kidneys b. in the cerebral cortex c. in the abdominal region d. on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland | on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland |
| What is the function of calcitonin? a. to lower blood Ca ion concentration levels in the blood b. to release dopamine as needed c. to help with melatonin production d. to raise blood Ca ion concentration levels in the blood | to lower blood Ca ion concentration levels in the blood |
| Does the hypothalamus produce hormones? a. yes b. no c. absolutely not d. maybe so | yes |
| What structure connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus? a. medulla oblongata b. infundibulum c. the isthmus d. corpus callosum | infundibulum |
| Type of hormone that easily passes through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane and often binds to an intracellular receptor in the cytoplasm or nucleus: a. protein/amino acid based b. carbohydrate based c. water based d. steroid/lipid bas | steroid/lipid based |
| What is the function of the pineal gland? a. to produce melanin b. to stimulate melanocytes c. to control the circadian rhythm cycle d. to release insulin | to control the circadian rhythm cycle |
| Which of the following hormones is produced by beta cells in the pancreas? a. none of these b. glucagon c. insulin d. somatostatin | insulin |
| Cells with receptors for a specific hormone are said to be the ___ cells for that hormone. a. precursor d. origin c. target d. compliant | target |
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) raises blood Ca ion levels in the blood when they are too low. TRUE FALSE | TRUE |
| Hormone that stimulates kidneys to conserve water: a. calcitonin b. progesterone c. cortisol d. antidiuretic hormone e. luteinizing hormone | antidiuretic hormone |
| Hormone that elevates blood calcium: a. serotonin b. parathyroid hormone c. oxytocin d. cortisol e. T3 | parathyroid hormone |
| What is the Endocrine System? | a collection of glands and hormone-secreting cells that regulate long-term physiological processes and are essential for maintaining homeostasis. The system plays central roles in growth and development, metabolism, energy balance, water regulation, reproduction, and stress responses. |
| Endocrinology is the scientific study of... | hormones and the endocrine glands, including the diagnosis and treatment of endocrine disorders such as diabetes, thyroid disease, and hormonal imbalances. |
| What are hormones? | Hormones are chemical messengers released by endocrine glands directly into the bloodstream. They affect only target cells that possess specific receptors for that hormone and often act on organs far from their site of secretion. |
| Major Endocrine Organs | hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, pancreas, adrenal glands, and gonads (ovaries and testes). |
| ENDOCRINE GLANDS <--- vs. Exocrine glands | Ductless → release hormones into bloodstream; Effects are slower but longer-lasting; Examples: pituitary, thyroid, adrenal *ENDOCRINE = BLOOD (HORMONES) |
| endocrine glands vs. EXOCRINE GLANDS <--- | Use ducts → release substances onto surfaces or into body cavities; Effects are faster and more localized; Examples: sweat glands, salivary glands, digestive glands *EXOCRINE = DUCTS (FLUIDS LIKE SWEAT/SALIVA) |
| steroid hormones | made from cholesterol and are lipid-soluble. Examples include testosterone, estradiol, aldosterone, and cortisol. **lipid-soluble = pass through cell membranes easily. Enter cell → bind intracellular receptors → influence gene transcription |
| monoamine hormones | Monoamines are small molecules derived from the amino acids tyrosine or tryptophan. Examples include thyroxine and epinephrine. Their properties vary depending on their structure. |
| peptide hormones | made of chains of amino acids ranging from a few to hundreds in length. Examples include oxytocin and insulin. These hormones are water-soluble and typically bind to receptors on the cell membrane. Bind to membrane receptors → activate second messengers |
| Endocrine Feedback Control | The endocrine system maintains homeostasis primarily through negative feedback loops. Hormone levels are regulated to keep physiological variables within normal ranges. |
| Regulation of Blood Glucose | After eating, rising blood glucose levels stimulate the pancreas to secrete insulin. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by cells, lowering blood sugar and reversing the initial change through negative feedback. |
| Hormone Removal and Degradation | Hormones do not remain in circulation indefinitely. Most are metabolized by the liver and kidneys and excreted in bile or urine. Some hormones are short- lived, while others persist in the blood much longer. |
| Hormone Receptors and Specificity | Hormones exert effects only on target cells that possess specific receptors. The interaction between hormone and receptor is highly specific, often compared to a lock-and-key mechanism. |
| Mechanisms of Hormone Action | Some hormones bind to membrane receptors and activate second-messenger systems, while others bind to intracellular receptors and directly influence gene expression. |
| pituitary gland (Hypophysis) | Located below hypothalamus; known as the master gland Two Lobes: Anterior pituitary produces hormones; Posterior pituitary stores/releases hormones made by hypothalamus. |
| hypothalamus | Controls pituitary gland; produces: Oxytocin and ADH; Uses hypophyseal portal system to control anterior pituitary |
| posterior pituitary hormones | Oxytocin: Uterine contractions & Milk ejection; ADH (Vasopressin): Water retention & Decreases urine output; (Alcohol inhibits ADH → more urination) |
| oxytocin | stimulates uterine contractions during labor and promotes milk ejection from mammary glands. Synthetic oxytocin is sometimes administered to induce labor. |
| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | regulates water balance by reducing urine output through increased kidney water reabsorption. Alcohol inhibits ADH release, increasing urine production. |
| Positive Feedback Example | Oxytocin release during childbirth is an example of positive feedback, where uterine stretching triggers increasing oxytocin release until delivery occurs. |
| Hypophyseal Portal System | The hypothalamus communicates with the anterior pituitary through a specialized portal blood system that allows releasing hormones to directly regulate pituitary secretion. |
| anterior pituitary hormones | FLAT PEG (easy mnemonic): F – FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone) L – LH (Luteinizing hormone) A – ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) T – TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone) P – Prolactin E – Endorphins G – Growth hormone (GH) |
| growth hormone | (GH) ·Protein synthesis · Cell division · Tissue growth · Repair |
| Thyroid Hormone Control | Thyroid hormone secretion is regulated by a negative feedback loop involving TRH, TSH, and thyroid hormone to maintain stable metabolic activity. |
| thyroid gland | located near the trachea and is the largest endocrine gland in adults. It consists of two lobes connected by an isthmus. |
| thyroid follicles and hormone production | Thyroid follicles contain follicular cells that synthesize thyroid hormone, which increases the metabolic rate of nearly all body tissues. |
| calcitonin | Parafollicular (C) cells of the thyroid secrete calcitonin, which lowers blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclast activity. Its role is more significant during childhood. |
| parathyroid glands | Four small parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH), the primary regulator of blood calcium levels in adults. PTH raises blood calcium by stimulating bone resorption. |
| thymus | lymphatic-endocrine organ involved in immune function. It produces hormones that promote T-cell development and activity. Produces: Thymosin and Thymopoietin |
| pancreas | functions as both an exocrine and endocrine organ. Contains pancreatic islets; Alpha cells → Glucagon Raises blood glucose. Beta cells → Insulin Lowers blood glucose. |
| insulin | lowers blood glucose by stimulating glucose uptake and storage in liver, muscle, and fat cells following a meal. |
| glucagon | raises blood glucose by stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver during fasting conditions, ensuring glucose availability for critical tissues such as the brain. |
| paracrine signaling: | Signals act on nearby cells; Local effect (short distance); "local chemical messengers" - Paracrine = neighbor cells; A cell releases chemicals that affect nearby cells |
| autocrine signaling: | Cell signals itself; Self-regulation; "local chemical messengers" - Autocrine = same cell; A cell releases chemicals that act on itself |
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