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BIO101 HUMAN A&P
BIO101 CH 10 THE SENSES
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| BIO101 CH 10 THE SENSES | |
| Which of the following parts of the inner ear is not in the outer ear? a. external acoustic meatus b. auditory ossicles c. auricle (pinna) d. tympanic membrane | auditory ossicles |
| In __ equilibrium, the body senses rotation & movement of the head and body. In __ equilibrium, the body senses the position of the head when the body is not moving. a. controlled; stagnant b. static; controlled c. stagnant; dynamic d. dynamic; static | dynamic; static |
| Which type of receptor is sensitive to pressure? a. nociceptors b. thermoreceptors c. photoreceptors d. baroreceptors e. chemoreceptors | baroreceptors |
| Which type of receptor is sensitive to tissue damage? a. nociceptors b. photoreceptors c. baroreceptors d. chemoreceptors e. thermoreceptors | nociceptors |
| Which of the following characteristics describes cones? a. contains rhodopsin b. produces outlines of objects c. produces color vision d. vision in dim light | produces color vision |
| What type of receptor is a taste receptor? a. chemoreceptor b. photoreceptor c. thermoreceptor d. mechanoreceptor e. nociceptor | chemoreceptor |
| Where are general senses found? a. only in axillary and groin area b. confined to the head c. widely distributed throughout the body d. everywhere except the palms of hands and soles of feet | widely distributed throughout the body |
| Olfaction is the sense of: a. smell b. taste c. pain d. equilibrium | smell |
| Rods and comes are found within this eye structure. a. retina b. iris c. pupil d. optic disc | retina |
| What is found within the inner tunic of the eye? a. blood vessels b. fibrous tissue c. connective tissue d. nervous tissue | nervous tissue |
| The part of the ear responsible for sending vibrations to the inner ear by coming in contact with the oval window of the ear? a. stapes b. semicircular canals c. malleus d. cochlea e, vestibule | cochlea |
| Which nerve collects information about sound and hearing? a. vestibulocochlear b. facial c. oculomotor d. trochlear | vestibulocochlear |
| Special sense structure mainly involved with dynamic equilibrium: a. semi-circular canals b. retina c. vestibule d. cochlea | semi-circular canals |
| Of the visual accessory eye organs, which is the protective mucous membrane lining the eyelids and covering the eyeball? a. tarsal glands b. nasolacrimal sac c. lacrimal glands d. conjunctiva e. lysozome | conjunctiva |
| The structure that helps maintain equal air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane (why we can pop our ears on planes) a. external acoustic meatus b. oval window c. internal acoustic meatus d. auditory (eustachian) tube | auditory (eustachian) tube |
| The clear, most anterior portion of the eye is the a. pupil b. retina c. iris d. cornea | cornea |
| Which if the following best describes the term 'adaptation'? a. the conscious awareness of a sensation b. the arrival of information from the senses c. the reduction in sensitivity of a constant stimulus d. none of these | the reduction in sensitivity of a constant stimulus |
| What is found within the inner tunic of the eye? a. nervous tissue b. blood vessels c, connective tissue d. fibrous tissue | nervous tissue |
| What do senses do? | -Help maintain homeostasis -Provide information about: External environment Internal environment |
| Two Types of Senses- General Senses | -Receptors are widely distributed throughout the body: skin, muscles, joints, organs; ex: pain, touch, pressure, temperature. |
| Two Types of Senses- Special Senses | -Receptors are located in specialized organs in the head: eyes = vision, ears = hearing, nose = smell, mouth = taste. |
| Sensory Receptors- Chemoreceptors | -respond to chemicals; ex: smell, taste, oxygen levels |
| Sensory Receptors- Pain Receptors (Nociceptors) | -respond to tissue damage, mechanical damage, electrical energy; ex: causes pain sensation |
| Sensory Receptors- Thermoreceptors | -respond to temperature changes; ex: feeling hot/cold |
| Sensory Receptors- Mechanoreceptors | -respond to physical forces/stretching; ex: touch, pressure, BP, stretching of organs |
| Sensory Receptors- Photoreceptors | -respond to light; ex: in eyes only |
| Sensory Adaptation (definition) | The ability to ignore constant, unimportant stimuli. *A stronger stimulus is needed to trigger a response after adaptation. Best ex: thermoreceptors, olfactory receptors. |
| Sensory Adaptation- Peripheral adaptation | Receptors stop responding as much |
| Sensory Adaptation- Central adaptation | Brain ignores repeated signals |
| General Senses- Exteroceptive Senses | -Detect stimuli outside the body; ex: touch, pressure, temperature, pain |
| General Senses- Interoceptive Senses (Visceroceptive) | -Detect changes inside internal organs; ex: blood vessel stretching from BP |
| General Senses- Proprioceptive Senses | -Detect body position/movement; located in muscles, tendons, joints; ex: knowing where your arms/legs are, balance during movement |
| Special Senses- Smell (olfaction) | Receptors: olfactory receptors; chemoreceptors, bipolar neurons; located: nasal cavity; detect: odor molecules (odorants); about 400 types of olfactory receptors. Smell is strongly connected to memory and emotions. |
| Special Senses- Taste (gustation) | taste buds located on tongue (papillae) + roof of mouth, cheeks, pharynx Contain taste cells (replace every few days); chemoreceptors detect chemicals in food (saliva needed); Basic Tastes: Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami. |
| Special Senses- Hearing/Balance: Hearing Pathway: *Ear has 3 sections | -Static Equilibrium: detects head position when body is still; loc: vestibule; structures: utricle, saccule; ex: tilting head forward. -Dynamic Equilibrium: detects movement/rotation; loc: semicircular canals; structure: crista ampullaris; ex: spinning |
| Special Senses- Equilibrium (Balance) (2 types) | provides awareness of body balance and orientation. It consists of two components: static equilibrium, which senses head position when the body is still, and dynamic equilibrium, which detects head and body rotation during movement. |
| Special Senses- Sight/Vision | vision depends on photoreceptors located in the eye. Accessory structures such as eyelids, eyelashes, tear-producing glands, and eye muscles support and protect the visual system. |
| What are the 5 Special Senses? | 1. smell (olfaction) 2. taste (gustation) 3. hearing 4. equilibrium 5. vision |
| Smell Pathway | 1. Odor -> nose 2. Stimulates olfactory receptors 3. Impulses travel through cribriform plate 4. Olfactory nerves 5. Olfactory bulbs 6. Olfactory tracts 7. Limbic system → emotions 8. Olfactory cortex → interpretation |
| Ear: Hearing and Balance- Outer Ear | consists of the auricle, external acoustic meatus, and tympanic membrane. The auricle collects sound waves, the auditory canal directs them inward, and the tympanic membrane vibrates in response to sound energy. |
| Ear: Hearing and Balance- Middle Ear | contains an air-filled tympanic cavity within the temporal bone. Three auditory ossicles—the malleus, incus, and stapes—amplify sound vibrations. The stapes transfers vibrations to the inner ear through the oval window. |
| Ear: Hearing and Balance- Inner Ear | contains fluid-filled structures known as labyrinths. The cochlea is responsible for hearing, the vestibule detects static equilibrium, and the semicircular canals detect dynamic equilibrium. |
| Ear: Hearing and Balance- auditory (eustachian) tube: | auditory tube connects the middle ear to the throat and equalizes pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane. It is usually closed but opens during swallowing or yawning. |
| Ear: Hearing and Balance- auditory pathways: | Signals from the cochlea travel through the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve to the medulla, midbrain, thalamus, and finally the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe. |
| Eye: Sight/Vision- lacrimal apparatus | produces and drains tears. Tears contain lysozyme, an antibacterial enzyme, and flow from the lacrimal glands to the nasal cavity through a series of ducts. |
| Eye: Sight/Vision- Structure of the Eye | The eye is a hollow, spherical organ composed of three layers: the outer fibrous tunic, the middle vascular tunic, and the inner nervous tunic. |
| Eye: Sight/Vision- Outer (Fibrous) Tunic | The fibrous tunic includes the transparent cornea, which refracts light, and the tough sclera, which protects the eye and provides muscle attachment. |
| Eye: Sight/Vision- Middle (Vascular) Tunic | The vascular tunic includes the choroid, ciliary body, and iris. These structures supply blood, control lens shape, and regulate the amount of light entering the eye. |
| Eye: Sight/Vision- Inner (Nervous) Tunic | The retina contains photoreceptors. Specialized regions include the macula lutea, fovea centralis for sharp vision, and the optic disc, which forms the blind spot. |
| Eye: Sight/Vision- Aqueous Humor | nourishes the cornea and lens, maintains eye shape, and drains through the scleral venous sinus to maintain normal eye pressure. |
| Eye: Sight/Vision- Anterior Portion of the Eye | The anterior cavity between the cornea and lens is filled with aqueous humor. The lens is a transparent, elastic structure that fine-tunes light focusing. |
| Eye: Sight/Vision- Cone Photoreceptors | function in bright light and provide color vision. They contain specific pigments and are densely packed in the fovea centralis, allowing high visual acuity. |
| Eye: Sight/Vision- Rod Photoreceptors | contain rhodopsin and are highly sensitive to light. They function in dim lighting and provide black-and-white vision but do not detect color. |
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