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BIO101 HUMAN A&P

BIO101 CH 07 SKELETAL SYSTEM/JOINTS MORE NOTES

QuestionAnswer
BIO101 HUMAN A&P CH 7: SKELETAL SYSTEM & JOINTS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
ARTHROLOGY is the study of: the joints (think arthritis)
OSTEOLOGY is the study of: the skeleton (think osteoporosis)
2 types of bone tissue are: Compact: Site of attachment Spongy: Cushion for bones
Osteocytes: IN LACUNAE, BETWEEN LAMELLAE; mature cells that maintain overall bone health; exchange nutrients and wastes in CANALICULI
Osteogenic Stem Cells --> Osteoblast B = Build Bones Osteogenic Stem Cells -> DIFFERENTIATE<- B = Build Bones
Functions of the Skeletal system: 1. Support/Framework - vertebral column support 2. Protection - brain, spinal cord, lungs, heart, pelvic viscera 3. Movement - breathing (ribcage) 4. Storage - reservoir of calcium and phosphorus
Calcium Homeostasis: maintains the calcium concentration in the body.
Osseus tissue, aka Bone tissue: Connective tissue with a hard, calcified matrix; forms the structural framework;
Compact bone, aka cortical: solid, filled with opaque matrix; attachments for muscles, tendons, ligaments.
Spongy bone, aka cancellous: cushions bones; porous lattice with spaces, found on interior of bone called trabeculae.
trabeculae: small beam-like structures found only in spongy bone; interwoven network of connective tissue that divides cavities or organs in biological systems.
Red Marrow --> Blood Cell Synthesis --> Hematopoiesis RBC <-- & --> WBC
osteons: concentric layers called LAMELLAE arranged around CENTRAL CANALS (*central canals contain small blood vessels and nerves)
osteogenic cells: undifferentiated stem cells in bone tissue that DIVIDE AND DEVELOP INTO OSTEOBLASTS; the stem cells of the skeletal system
osteoblasts: bone cells that BUILD NEW BONE TISSUE;
osteoclasts: bone cells that BREAK DOWN AND RESORB BONE; *RESORPTION: calcium from bones --> back to bloodstream
LONG BONES- shaft, or diaphysis: ELONGATED MIDSECTION; provides leverage.
LONG BONES- head, or epiphysis: EXPANDED END; strengthens joints; filled with spongy bone; provides area for tendon and ligament detachment.
FLAT BONES- sternum: PROTECTS HEART; KEY ATTACHMENT JOINT FOR RIBS AND MUSCLES; has 3 main parts: manubrium, body (gladiolus), xiphoid process.
STERNUM 3 PARTS: MANUBRIUM: upper trapezoid part, articulates clavicles and first pair of ribs. BODY (GLADIOLUS): connects ribs 2-7 via costal cartilage. XIPHOID PROCESS: lower tip, attachment point for muscles and ligaments
FLAT BONES- cranial bones: PROTECT THE BRAIN; Skull: Frontal, parietal, occipital, nasal, lacrimal, and vomer bones.
SHORT BONES- carpals, tarsals: located in areas requiring stability and shock absorption; carpals: 8 wrist bones, including scaphoid and lunate. tarsals: 7 ankle/upper foot bones, including talus and calcaneus.
IRREGULAR BONES- vertebrae: protects the spinal cord
How many bones are in a body? How many in each region? 206 total bones 80 axial 126 appendicular
SKELETAL REGIONS- axial skeleton: 80 bones; central supporting axis of body; includes SKULL, VERTEBRAL COLUMN, RIBS, STERNUM
SKELETAL REGIONS- appendicular skeleton: 126 bones; upper limb and pectoral girdle (clavicle/scapula), and lower limb and pelvic girdle.
SKELETAL SYSTEM- skull most complex part of the skeleton; 21 relatively immobile bones connected by sutures; one freely movable bone- MANDIBLE;
SKELETAL SYSTEM- sutures: fibrous joints as seams on skull; begin at coronal suture, separates them from frontal bone, extends to lambdoid suture at rear, R and L parietal bones separated by longitudinal sagittal suture.
SKELETAL SYSTEM- foramen: holes for passage of nerves and blood vessels.
BONES OF THE SKULL- cranial bones: 8 bones, in direct contact with membranes enclosing the brain; 2 parietal and temporal bones; 1 frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bone.
BONES OF THE SKULL- facial bones: 14 bones; 6 paired bones and 2 single bones.
vertebral column, aka spine: 33 vertebrae in 5 regions; protects spinal cord, supports body weight and enables movement. separated by intervertebral discs that act as shock absorbers and allow flexibility.
VERTEBRAL COLUMN- cervical: C1-C7; neck; C1 (atlas) immovable, attached to skull; C2 (axis) movable left and right.
VERTEBRAL COLUMN- thoracic: T1-T12; mid-section/torso; attached to the rib cage, protects heart and lungs.
VERTEBRAL COLUMN- lumbar: L1-L5; lower back; largest and strongest vertebrae; bears most of the body's weight.
VERTEBRAL COLUMN- sacral: S1-S5; fused vertebra of the sacrum, supports the pelvis.
VERTEBRAL COLUMN- coccyx, or coccygeal: Co1-Co4; fused vertebrae forming the tailbone.
Thoracic cage: 12 ribs connected to the sternum; 1-7 "TRUE RIBS" directly connected through costal cartilage; 8-12 "FALSE RIBS" not connected to sternum; 11-12 "FLOATING RIBS", incomplete, protects liver and kidneys.
Joints are: functional connections between bones; enable body to move; bind parts of the skeletal system together.
JOINTS- 2 main categories: STRUCTURAL classifications: 1. fibrous 2. cartilaginous 3. synovial. FUNCTIONAL classifications: 1. synarthrotic 2. amphiarthrotic 3. diarthrotic.
JOINTS: STRUCTURAL- fibrous: 3 TYPES; held together by dense connective tissue; allows minimal movement. (sutures, gomphoses)
JOINTS: STRUCTURAL- cartilagenous: 2 TYPES; held together by cartilage; provides flexibility (intervertebral discs)
JOINTS: STRUCTURAL- synovial: 6 MAIN TYPES; complex structure; freely movable; characterized by fluid-filled synovial cavity allowing smooth, flexible movement between bones.
JOINTS: FUNCTIONAL- synarthrotic: IMMOVABLE between flat bones of skull (cranial)
JOINTS: FUNCTIONAL- amphiarthrotic: SLIGHTLY MOVABLE; flexible, may twist; pubic symphysis
JOINTS: FUNCTIONAL- diarthrotic, aka synovial: FREELY MOVABLE; appendicular skeleton
SYNOVIAL JOINTS- ball and socket: widest range of motion; multiaxial; hip, shoulder, temporomandibular joints.
SYNOVIAL JOINTS- condylar: back and forth; side to side; biaxial, NO ROTATION; joints between metacarpals and phalanges
Created by: C to the C
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