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BIO101 HUMAN A&P
BIO101 CH 03-04 STUDY
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| FOUNDATION OF LIFE; smallest units that make up tissues, organs, and systems | cells |
| Carries all organelles; consists of organelles w specific functions, suspended in liquid called cytosol. | cytoplasm |
| contains genetic material, directs cell's activities | nucleus |
| 2-layered phospholipid film with embedded proteins aka plasma membrane | cell membrane |
| separates intracellular fluid (cytosol) from extracellular fluid; selectively permeable; signal transduction | cell membrane |
| CELL MEMBRANE FRAMEWORK; ALL plasma membranes have a ___ | phospholipid bilayer |
| stabilizes membrane, helps keep it impermeable to water soluble substances | CHOLESTEROL |
| has many functions: pores, channels, receptors, enzymes, cell contact and id, CAMs (cell adhesion molecules) | MEMBRANE PROTEINS |
| cell recognition and interaction, SELF MARKERS | CARBOHYDRATES |
| consists of networks of membranes and organelles suspended in cytosol | cytoplasm |
| cytosol + organelles = | cytoplasm |
| fluid portion of the cytoplasm (ONLY JELLY) | CYTOSOL |
| tiny solid structures with specific functions in the cell (ONLY SOLID) | ORGANELLES |
| What is the supporting framework of protein rods and tubules, located in the cytoplasm? | CYTOSKELETON |
| composed of protein and RNA; structural support and enzyme activity to link amino acids in PROTEIN SYNTHESIS | ribosomes |
| membrane-bound sacs; Rough ER contains ribosomes, CONDUCTS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. Smooth ER doesn't have ribosomes; CONDUCTS LIPID SYNTHESIS | endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
| membranous sacs; STORE OR TRANSPORT SUBSTANCES | vesicles |
| sacs of flattened, membranous sacs; REFINES, PACKAGES, & DELIVERS PROTEINS made on the RER | Golgi Apparatus |
| Membrane-bound, fluid-filled sacs; POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL; house chemical re3actions that EXTRACT ENERGY FROM NUTRIENTS (cellular resp > produces ATP) job is to synthesize energy | mitochondria |
| small membranous sacs; contain ENZYMES THAT DIGEST protein, carbs, nucleic acids, bacteria, debris, worn out cell parts; GARBAGE DISPOSAL of cell; contains lysozyme (enzyme made of protein) | lysosomes |
| membranous sacs similar to lysosomes; contain ENZYMES THAT DIGEST LIPIDS, alcohol, hydrogen peroxide; helpful in digestion | peroxisomes |
| "central body"; consists of 2 CENTRIOLES; is in cytoplasm, near nucleus; centrioles are cylindrical microtubules; | centrosome |
| PRODUCES SPINDLE FIBERS DURING CELL DIVISION, which distribute chromosomes to forming daughter cells. | centrioles |
| *job is "to move"; mobile extensions of cell membranes; propel mucus in RESPIRATORY TRACT, propel egg toward uterus | cilia |
| another type of motile extension from cell membrane; TAIL OF A SPERM cell is the only flagellum in human cells | flagella |
| CILIA can always be found on cells with ____. | mucous membranes |
| contains GENETIC MATERIAL AND CONTROLS CELL ACTIVITIES. | cell nucleus |
| separates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm; several NUCLEAR PORES allow passage of certain substances | nuclear envelope |
| dense body of RNA & PROTEIN; SITE OF RIBOSOME PRODUCTION; job: synthesize RNA/proteins | nucleolus |
| consists of cell's chromosomes, each containing DNA WOUND AROUND PROTEINS; DNA + proteins combined. | chromatin |
| DO NOT REQUIRE CELLULAR ENERGY (ATP) D, F, FD | Physical (Passive) mechanisms |
| movement of atoms, molecules, or ions, FROM REGION OPF HIGHER CONCENTRATION TO REGION OF LOWER CONCENTRATION; occurs only with substances that the CELL MEMBRANE IS PERMEABLE to: Oxygen, carbon dioxide, other lipid-soluble substances | diffusion |
| Ability of a solution outside cell to alter water volume inside cell | tonicity *there are 3 types of tonicity |
| (tonicity) same osmotic pressure; cells in an THIS solution have NO NET GAIN OR LOSS OF WATER. *inside and outside are the same; ex: saline solution | Isotonic solution |
| higher osmotic pressure; cells in THIS solution LOSE WATER . *high concentration of solute | Hypertonic solution |
| lower osmotic pressure; cells in THIS solution GAIN WATER; *low solute concentration | Hypotonic solution |
| (3 types of endocytosis) membrane ENGULFS DROPLETS OF LIQUID | pinocytosis |
| (3 types of endocytosis) membrane ENGULFS SOLID PARTICLES | phagocytosis |
| (3 types of endocytosis) membrane ENGULFS SPECIFIC SUBSTANCES, which have bound receptor proteins on the membrane | Receptor-mediated endocytosis |
| Sum of all chemical reactions occurring in a cell; metabolic reactions usually occur in pathways or cycles | cellular metabolism |
| small molecules are BUILT INTO LARGER ONES; REQUIRES (ATP) ENERGY ex: dehydration synthesis | anabolism |
| larger molecules are BROKEN DOWN INTO SMALLER ONES; RELEASES ENERGY; ATP IS PRODUCED. ex: hydrolysis | catabolism |
| require ATP; includes: active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis, transcytosis. | active transport mechanisms |
| moves substances AGAINST CONCENTRATION GRADIENT; uses membrane pumps (e.g., sodium-potassium pump) | active transport |
| cell takes substance into itself by forming a vesicle from the cell membrane; "SWALLOWING" | endocytosis |
| releases substances from cell | exocytosis |
| material moves across cell using endocytosis + exocytosis | transcytosis |
| life cycles of a cell from formation to division: | 1. interphase 2. mitosis 3. cytokinesis |
| cell growth and preparation: G1: growth S: DNA replication G2: preparation for division | Interphase |
| division of nucleus: 1. prophase 2. metaphase 3. anaphase 4. telophase | Mitosis |
| division of cytoplasm: produces 2 genetically identical cells | cytokinesis |
| programmed, normal cell death | apoptosis |
| unplanned cell death due to injury or disease | necrosis |
| INACTIVATION OF AN ENZYME (or any other protein) due to an irreversible change. | DENATURATION |
| Cellular respiration of glucose occurs in 3 interconnected reaction sequences; | 1. Glycolysis (anaerobic) 2ATP 2. Citric acid cycle (aerobic) 2ATP 3. Electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic) 32 - 34 ATP |
| anabolism + catabolism = | metabolism |
| _____ control all metabolic reactions | Enzymes |
| ___ is the main cellular source | ATP |
| _____ converts glucose into ATP | Cellular respiration |
| _____ follows: DNA -> mRNA -> protein | Protein synthesis |
| genetic code read on mRNA; 3-based sequences of mRNA; most ___ code for one amino acid. ex: AUG codes for methionine | codon |
| carries specific amino acids; has an anticodon that matches mRNA codon. | tRNA |
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