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BIO101 HUMAN A&P
BIO101 CH 02 ECPI
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| BIO101 HUMAN A&P CH 2 CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE PRE-QUIZ STUDY GUIDE | |
| center of an atom; structure that contains NEUTRONS AND PROTONS | Nucleus |
| UNCHARGED particles (neutral) | Neutrons |
| POSITIVELY CHARGED particles (+) | Protons |
| NEGATIVELY CHARGED subatomic particles (-) circling a nucleus in shells | Electrons |
| There are 92 naturally occurring elements on earth. How many of them have normal roles in humans? | 24 elements (in 2 categories); 6 elements make up 98.5% of the body's weight |
| What are the 6 MAJOR elements of the human body? | Oxygen O **65% Carbon C Hydrogen H Nitrogen N Calcium Ca Phosphorus P |
| (6 elements) Oxygen | O; 65%; supports cellular respiration |
| (6 elements) Carbon | C; forms backbone of organic molecules |
| (6 elements) Hydrogen | H; part of water and organic compounds |
| (6 elements) Nitrogen | N; component of proteins and DNA |
| (6 elements) Calcium | Ca; teeth and bone strength |
| (6 elements) Phosphorus | P; ATP, DNA, teeth and bones |
| 0.7% - needed in small amounts but are vital | TRACE ELEMENTS; fluorine for teeth, iodine for thyroid function |
| smallest non-living unit of an element | atom |
| equal to the NUMBER OF PROTONS in the nucleus | atomic number |
| sum of masses of PROTONS + NEUTRONS | atomic mass (atomic weight) |
| electrons in the "outermost shell" that INTERACT WITH OTHER ATOMS; determines chemical reactivity and bonding | "valence" electrons |
| particle formed when 2 OR MORE ATOMS chemically combine | molecules |
| shows: *which elements are present; *the number of each atom | molecular formula |
| ___ are essential for body functions including metabolism, growth, and tissue repair. | Molecules |
| Only the ELECTRONS OF ATOMS interact, so they determine the atom's ____. | chemical behavior/chemical bonding |
| Electrons occupy ___. | electron shells |
| When atoms bond to become STABLE: ___ is responsible for chemical bonding. | octet rule (2, 8, remaining) |
| ___ occurs when the outer shell is full. | Stability |
| What are the 3 types of chemical bonds? | 1. Ionic 2. Covalent 3. Hydrogen |
| STRONG CHEMICAL BONDS formed when IONS OF OPPOSITE CHARGE ATTRACT; Electrons are GAINED OR LOST; forms charged particles called IONS. | Ionic Bonds |
| An ELECTRICALLY CHARGED ATOM that gains or loses electrons to become stable. | ion |
| A POSITIVELY CHARGED ION, formed when an atom loses electrons | cation |
| A NEGATIVELY CHARGED ION, formed when an atom gains electrons. | anion |
| Atoms SHARE ELECTRONS; STRONGEST BOND; very common in the body | Covalent Bonds |
| RELATIVELY WEAK ATTRACTION between polar molecules; important for: water cohesion, protein structure, and DNA structure. | Hydrogen Bonds |
| Occurs WHEN CHEMICAL BONDS FORM OR BREAK between atoms, ions, or molecules. | Chemical reactions |
| The STARTING OF MATERIALS of a chemical reaction: the atoms, ions, or molecules | Reactants |
| SUBSTANCES FORMED at the end of the chemical reaction. | Products |
| (types of chemical reactions) A + B --> AB FORMING; smaller molecules combine; more complex chemical structure is formed | Synthesis Reaction |
| (types of chemical reactions) AB --> A + B BREAKING DOWN; large molecules break down to form a simpler chemical structure. | Decomposition Reaction |
| (types of chemical reactions) AB + CD --> AD + CB ATOMS SWAP PARTNERS; chemical bonds are broken and new bonds are formed. | Exchange/replacement Reaction |
| (types of chemical reactions) A + B <--> AB GOES BOTH DIRECTIONS; the products can change back to the reactants; can move forward and backward | Reversible Reaction |
| SUBSTANCES THAT RELEASE IONS IN WATER; solution can conduct electricity | Electrolytes |
| electrolytes that dissociate to RELEASE HYDROGEN IONS in water; (H+) | Acids |
| substances that ACCEPT/COMBINE WITH HYDROGEN IONS or release hydroxide (OH-) | Bases |
| electrolytes formed by ACID + BASE REACTIONS | Salts |
| Important in nerve function, muscle contraction, and saliva chemistry. | Electrolytes |
| What is the normal range of blood pH? | 7.35 - 7.45 |
| Indicates the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution; measures/decides acidity or alkalinity. | pH scale; pH = potential hydrogenation; power of Hydrogen |
| A pH of 7 indicates equal concentrations of H+ and OH-; THIS IS THE pH OF WATER. | neutral |
| A pH of (less than) <7 indicates a greater concentration of H+ than OH-. 0-6.9 | acidic |
| A pH of (greater than)>7 indicates a higher concentration of OH- than H+. 7.1 - 14 | basic (alkaline) |
| ___ occurs when blood pH drops to 7.0 - 7.3. ___ = too acidic --> fatigue, muscle weakness | Acidemia; Acidosis |
| ___ occurs when blood pH rises to 7.5 - 7.8. ___ = too basic --> dizziness, muscle cramps | Alkalemia; Alkalosis |
| The body uses ____ to regulate/keep pH stable | homeostasis |
| (chemical constituents of cells) CONTAIN C AND H; includes carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids; water-soluble, (DEPENDING ON THE TYPE, will dissolve in either water or organic liquids) | Organic molecules *are NON-electrolytes |
| (chemical constituents of cells) GENERALLY DO NOT CONTAIN C AND H; water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, inorganic salts; (USUALLY DISSOLVE IN WATER). | Inorganic molecules *are electrolytes |
| (Polymer of Amino Acids) Composed mostly of CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, and SULFUR; functions: structure, enzymes, movement, immunity, regulation; ____ are linked by peptide bonds. | Proteins |
| most organisms use only 20 AMINO ACIDS in ___. | protein synthesis. |
| A ___ is formed between amino acids. | peptide bond |
| ____ are proteins that are important for digestion. | Salivary enzymes |
| Made of repeating units called NUCLEOTIDES. (Polymer of nucleotides); | Nucleic Acids |
| Each ___ contains PHOSPHATE, Pentose SUGAR (deoxyribose or ribose), and one of 5 cyclic NITROGENOUS BASES. | nucleotide |
| "BLUEPRINT"; DOUBLE-STRANDED; stores genetic information; controls protein synthesis; 2 strands are COMPLIMENTARY and ANTIPARALLEL | DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid |
| SINGLE-STRANDED; helps make proteins | RNA Ribonucleic acid |
| *DNA: 3 H bonds form between C and G. A-T (3 hydrogen bonds) C-G (3 hydrogen bonds) *RNA : 2 H bonds form between T and A (DNA) or U and A (RNA); uses U (uracil) instead of T | Nucleic Acid Structure; Base pairing |
| ____ is genetic material of all organisms and if many viruses; carries INSTRUCTIONS FOR SYNTHESIS OF RNA AND PROTEINS; CONTROLS SYNTHESIS of all molecules in an organism. | DNA |
| the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within the body’s cells. These reactions keep you alive by allowing cells to: produce energy, build needed molecules, break down substances | metabolism |
| "BUILDING UP"; subdivision of metabolism Combines small molecules → larger, complex molecules REQUIRES ENERGY (ATP) Examples: Amino acids → proteins, Glucose → glycogen Think: CONSTRUCTING/STORING ENERGY | anabolism |
| "BREAKING DOWN"; subdivision of metabolism Breaks large molecules → smaller molecules RELEASES ENERGY (ATP) Examples: Glucose → CO₂ + water (cellular respiration) Digestion of food Think: DESTRUCTION/RELEASING ENERGY | catabolism |
| ................................................................................................. |
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