Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
APHY 102 Exam 3c
Blood
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is the body's only fluid tissue? | blood |
| what are the broad categorical types of connective tissues? | blood & lymph, bone, cartilage, dense connective tissue (dense regular, dense irregular, elastic tissue), loose connective tissue (areolar, adipose, reticular) |
| what comprises blood? | liquid plasma and formed elements. plasma includes clotting proteins, but serum does not |
| what are the 3 types of formed elements in blood? | erythrocytes (RBCs), leukocytes (WBCs), platelets |
| what is hematocrit? | blood test that measures the percentage of RBCs out of the total blood volume. often part of complete blood count (CBC) |
| plasma is about what percent of whole blood? | about 55% |
| is plasma a formed element? | no |
| what is the buffy coat? | leukocytes and platelets that make up less than 1% of whole blood |
| what percent of blood do erythrocytes make up? | about 45% |
| what is the sticky, opaque fluid with a metallic taste, with color varying from scarlet to dark red? | blood |
| what is the pH of blood? | about 7.35 to 7.45 |
| what is the normal temperature of blood in Celsius? | 38 degrees Celsius |
| how much body weight does blood account for? | about 8% body weight |
| what is the average volume of blood in liters for a human? | 5-6 L for males, and 4-5 L for females |
| true or false, blood contains just a small few solutes | false, blood contains over 100 solutes |
| what solutes does blood contain? (recognize for multiple choice...) | proteins albumin, globulins, clotting proteins, et al; lactic acid, urea, creatinine; organic nutrients glucose, carbohydrates, amino acids; electrolytes Na, K, Ca, Cl, bicarbonate; respiratory gases O2 and CO2 |
| what is the principal plasma protein and where is it made? | albumin, which is made in the liver |
| out of the formed elements, which are complete cells and why? | only WBCs are complete cells; RBCs have no nuclei or organelles, and platelets are just cell fragments of a huge bone marrow cell called a megakaryocyte |
| about how long do most formed elements survive in the bloodstream? | a few days--but RBCs last 100-120 days |
| true or false, most blood cells divide amitotically | false, most blood cells do not divide but are renewed by cells in bone marrow |
| describe what erythrocytes are like | biconcave discs, anucleate, essentially no organelles; filled with hemoglobin (Hb or Hgb), a protein that functions in gas transport |
| which formed elemtn contains the plasma membrane protein spectrin and other proteins that lend flexibility/allow shape changing? | erythrocytes (RBCs) |
| how big is an erythrocyte? | about 2.5 micrometers high, with a diameter of 7.5 micrometers |
| true or false, there are different kinds of leukocytes (WBCs) | true, there are five main types of white blood cells—neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils -- see Fig. 16.10 |
| why or how are erythrocytes (RBCs) an example of structure/function complementarity (3 reasons)? | biconcave shape has a huge surface area relative to volume with more area to absorb O2 and CO2 through; they are more than 97% hemoglobin, and ATP is generated anaerobically, so RBCs do not consume the oxygen they transport |
| what is the name for blood cell formation and where does it take place? | hematopoiesis occurs in the red bone marrow of the axial skeleton and girdles and epiphyses of the humerus and femur |
| what are the originating cells for formed elements that give rise to all formed elements? | hemocytoblasts |
| what are the names for RBC formation, WBC formation, and platelet formation? | erythropoiesis, leukopoiesis, thrombopoiesis |
| what happens to RBCs when they get old? | they become rigid and fragile, and their hemoglobin (Hb) begins to degenerate |
| where/what is the erythrocyte "graveyard"? | the spleen! the old erythrocytes are "tested" by narrow, twisting passages of the spleen; dying RBCs are engulfed by macrophages; heme and globin and separated and the iron is salvage for reuse |
| erythrocyte disorders - true or false, anemia is technically a disease | false, anemia is a sign/symptom rather than a disease itself |
| what is the definition of anemia? | when blood has abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity and blood oxygen levels cannot support normal metabolism |
| what are some tells of anemia? | fatigue, paleness, shortness of breath, and chills |
| what are 3 types of anemia associated with insufficient erythrocytes? | hemorrhagic anemia, hemolytic anemia, aplastic anemia |
| what are the differences between hemorrhagic anemia, hemolytic anemia, and aplastic anemia? | hemorrhagic has to do with blood loss, hemolytic has to do with prematurely ruptured RBCs, aplastic has to do with destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow |
| what is iron-deficiency anemia? | decreased hemoglobin content could result from lost blood (hemorrhagic anemia), but more commonly from inadequate intake of iron-containing foods or impaired iron absorption |
| what is pernicious anemia? | decreased hemoglobin content resulting from vitamin B12 deficiency, or lack of intrinsic factor needed for B12 absorption (from parietal cells of the gastic mucosa) |
| what is the treatment for pernicious anemia? | intramuscular injection of B12; applicaation of Nascobal (B12 gel applied to nasal lining once a week) |
| what are the only blood components that are complete cells? | leukocytes |
| what are 4 characteristics of leukocytes? | less numerous than RBCs, make up 1% of total blood volume, can leave capillaries via diapedesis, move through tissue spaces |
| what is diapedesis? | also known as leukocyte extravasation, is the process where white blood cells (leukocytes) squeeze through intact capillary walls to migrate from the bloodstream into surrounding tissues |
| what constitutes leukocytosis? | a WBC count over 11,000/mm3, but is a normal response to baterial or viral invasion |
| what are the 3 different kinds of granulocytes among leukocytes? | neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
| what are the 2 kinds of agranulocytes among leukocytes? | lymphocytes, monocytes |
| what are the percentages of the different types of leukocytes? | 50-70% neutrophils, 2-4% eosinophils, 0.5-1% basophils, 25-45% lymphocytes, 3-8% monocytes |
| what are the characteristics of granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)? | contain cytoplasmic granules that stain specifically with Wright's stain whether they are acidic, basic or both; are larger and usually shorter lived than RBCs, have lobed nuclei and are all phagocytic cells |
| why are lobed nuclei significant? | their segmented structure provides high flexibility and a smaller surface area, allowing cells to rapidly squeeze through narrow gaps in tissues to reach sites of infection (diapedesis) |
| how many types of granules do neutrophils have? | two |
| which leukocyte type are our body's bacteria slayers? | neutrophils |
| what are some characteristics of neutrophil granules? | take up both acidic and basic dyes, giving the cytoplasm a lilac color; contain peroxidases, hydrolytic enzymes, and defnsins (antibiotic-like proteins) |
| true or false, neutrophils are the most numerous granulocyte AND most numerous leukocyte | true |
| what are some important features of eosinophils? | nuclei are bilobed and stain red, have red to crimson (acidophilic) large, coarse, lysosome-like granules |
| which leukocyte leads the body's counterattack against parasitic worms? | eosinophils |
| which leukocyte lessens the body's severity of allergies by phagocytizing immune (antigen-antibody) complexes? | eosinophils |
| what are the rarest leukocytes? | basophils |
| describe the histology of basophils, which are functionally similar to mast cells | they have U- or S-shaped nuclei with two or three conspicuous constrictions, and have large, purplish-black (basophilic) granules that contain histamine |
| what is histamine? | inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator and attracts other WBCs (chemotaxis!) |
| what counters histamines? (easy) | antihistamines |
| what are the agranulocytes? | lymphocytes and monocytes; they lack visible cytoplasmic granules. their difference is that lymphocytes have spherical nuclei and monocytes have kidney-shaped nuclei |
| what are the two types of lymphocytes and what do they do? | T cells and B cells. T cells function in the immune response, B cells give rise to plasma cells which produce antiboies |
| what is the second-most abundant leukocyte type? | lymphocytes (T cells and B cells) |
| what are histological features of lymphocytes (T cells and B cells)? | they have large, dark-purple, circular nuclei with a thin rim of blue cytoplasm, and are found mostly enmeshed in lymphoid tissue though some circulate in the blood |
| what are the largest leukocytes and what percentage of leukocytes do they account for? | monocytes are largest leukocytes and account for 4-8% of leukocytes |
| what histological features do monocytes have? | they have abundant pale-blue cytoplasm, they have purple-staining, U- or kidney shaped nuclei |
| what function should I know about monocytes? | they leave the circulation, enter tissue, and differentiate into macrophages |
| where do macrophages come from? | they derived from monocytes |
| what do macrophages do? | essentially the vacuum cleaners for your tissues, macrophages are highly mobile an actively phagocytic, activating lymphocytes to mount an immune response |
| which type of cell activates lymphocytes to mount an immune response? | macrophages |
| what is a leukemia? | a leukocyte disorder referring to cancerous conditions involving WBCs, and these are named according to the abnormal WBCs involved (myelocytic, lymphocytic...) |
| what is myelocytic leukemia? (also known as myeloid, myelogenous, or non-lymphocytic leukemia) | myelocytic leukemia is a type of cancer that starts in the bone marrow's myeloid cells involving an overproduction of abnormal, immature, or ineffective myeloid cells (blasts) that crowd out healthy blood cells |
| what is lymphocytic leukemia? | a cancer of the blood and bone marrow that occurs when the body produces too many abnormal, ineffective lymphocytes, crowding out healthy blood cells and impairing the immune system |
| acute leukemia advances quickly and involved blast-type cells, primarily affecting whom? | children |
| chronic leukemia advances slowly and is more prevalent in whom? | older people |
| true or false, immature WBCs are found in the bloodstream in all leukemias? | true, bone marrow becomes totally occupied with cancerous leukocytes and the WBCs produced, though numerous, are nonfunctional |
| what are treatments for leukemia? | irradiation, antileukemic drugs, and bone marrow transplants |
| platelets are fragments of megakaryocytes. what are their histological features? | blue-staining outer region and a purple granular center |
| what 5 things do platelet granules contain? | serotonin, Ca2+, enzymes, ADP, and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) |
| how do platelets function? | when the body undergoes breaks/cuts etc in the blood vessels, the clotting mechanism forms a temporary plug (coagulation) using platelets |
| which sticky protein is used when platelets help in the clotting mechanism? | fibrin |
| which substances keep platelets inactive when not being used in clotting? | nitrous oxide and prostacyclin |
| what is the genesis of platelets pathway? | stem cell is the hemocytoblast -> megakaryoblast -> promegakaryocyte -> megakaryocyte -> platelets |
| what is a thrombus vs. an embolus? | a thrombus is a stationary clot that forms locally within a vessel and remains attached to the vessel wall. an embolus is any detached mass—most commonly a broken-off piece of a thrombus |
| what is the danger of thrombi (plural of thrombus)? | thrombi can block circulation resulting in tissue death; a coronary thrombosis is in a blood vessel of the heart |
| what is the danger of pulmonary emboli and cerebral emboli? | pulmonary emboli can impair the ability of the body to obtain oxygen; cerebral emboli can cause strokes |
| what 3 substances can prevent undesirable clots? | aspirin, heparin, warfarin |
| what is aspirin? | an antiprostaglandin that inhibits thromboxane A2 |
| what is heparin? | an anticoagulant used clinically for pre- and postoperative cardiac care |
| what is warfarin (coumadin)? | used for those pront to atrial fibrillation; actually is also used as a rat poison to make them bleed to death internally |
| what is hemostasis? | the rapid process that stops bleeding at the site of an injured blood vessel while maintaining normal blood flow elsewhere, involving vascular constriction, formation of a platelet plug, and blood coagulation to create a stable clot |
| if you have a hemostasis disorder, what kind of general term disorder do you have? | bleeding disorder |
| what is a hemophilia? | a hereditary(!) bleeding disorder caused by lack of clotting factors |
| what is the most common type of hemophilia and what is it due to? | hemophilia A is due to a deficiency of factor VIII and makes up the most commont type of hemophilia at 83% of cases |
| what are symptoms of hemophilia/hemophilia A and its treatments? | prolonged bleeding and painful and disabled joints, treated with blood transfusions and the injection of missing factors |
| what are 2 types of blood transfusions and how do they differ in what they treat? | whole blood transfusions are used for when blood loss is substantial or in treating thrombocytopenia. packed red cells (cells with plasma removed) are used to treat anemia |
| true or false, agglutinogens are types of antigens | true |
| where are glycoprotein antigens found for RBCs? | not in RBCs, but rather *on* RBCs: RBC membranes have glycoprotein antigens (markers) on their external surfaces |
| what are characteristics of glycoprotein antigens and what are they known as? | referred to as agglutinogens, these antigens are unique to the individual, recognized as foreign (non-self) if transfused into another individual, and promoters of agglutination (as the name suggests) |
| what is used to classify blood groups? | presence or absence of specific agglutinogens |
| how many naturally occuring RBC antigens do humans have? | the human race has 30 varieties of naturally occuring RBC antigens |
| which antigens of RBCs are most significant and why? | antigens of the ABO and Rh blood groups cause vigorous transfusion (agglutination) reactions when improperly tranfused; think of it like antibodies (police) handcuff foreign cells to each other (handcuffing) |
| what about other blood groups? (M, N, Dufy, Kell, Lewis) | other blood groups are mainly used for legalities |
Created by:
elianayu
Popular Anatomy sets