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Immune System
Body Defenses
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| PATHOGEN | a disease-causing microorganism (bacteria, virus, etc.) |
| ANTIGEN | any substance that activates the immune system |
| SURFACE MEMBRANE BARRIERS | Physical Barriers to Pathogens, Protective Fluids |
| Physical Barriers to Pathogens | Skin, Mucous Membranes |
| Protective Fluids | Skin, urine, and vaginal secretions have an acidic pH Stomach mucosa secretes HCl and protein-digesting enzymes Saliva and tears contain lysozyme Mucus traps microorganisms |
| Cellular & Chemical Defenses - INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE | Triggered when body tissue is injured redness, heat, swelling, pain Cells release histamine and kinins when injured Dilate blood vessels and cause capillaries to become leak Activate pain receptors Attract phagocytes and white blood cells to the area |
| Cellular & Chemical Defenses - FEVER | Triggered by pyrogens released by white blood cells and macrophages |
| Cellular & Chemical Defenses - NATURAL KILLER CELLS function | Destroy virus-infected and cancerous cells Act against any target Cause cells to lyse |
| Cellular & Chemical Defenses - PHAGOCYTES | Macrophages and neutrophils Engulfs and breaks down foreign particles |
| COMPLEMENT (Cellular & Chemical Defenses -ANTIMICROBIAL) | Plasma proteins that lyse foreign cells and enhance phagocytosis and inflammation |
| INTERFERON (Cellular & Chemical Defenses - ANTIMICROBIAL) | Released by virus-infected cells to trigger a protective response in neighboring cells |
| Adaptive (Specific) Body Defenses | Recognizes foreign molecules (antigens) and acts to inactivate or destroy them 3 KEY FEATURES Antigen-specific; Systemic; Has memory |
| Humoral Immune Response | Antigen binds to B cell and activates it Activated B cell forms plasma cells and more B cells Plasma cells secrete antibodies Remaining B cell clones become memory cells, which can rapidly respond to the same antigen in the future |
| NEUTRALIZATION (Humoral Immune Response) | Bind to bacterial exotoxins, blocking the harmful effects |
| AGGLUTINATION (Humoral Immune Response) | clumping of foreign cells induced by cross-linking of antigen-antibody complexes |
| PRECIPITATION (Humoral Immune Response) | soluble antigens are cross-linked in large antigen-antibody complexes that settle out of solution |
| Cell-Mediated Immune Response | Antigen-presenting cell presents the antigen on its surface T cell becomes sensitized |
| CYTOTOXIC T CELLS (Cell-Mediated Immune Response) | Kill virus-infected, cancer, and foreign graft cells |
| HELPER T CELLS (Cell-Mediated Immune Response) | When activated, they recruit other cells to fight the invaders; Direct the immune response |
| REGULATORY T CELLS (Cell-Mediated Immune Response) | Release chemicals to suppress T and B cells when the attack is over; “turn off” the immune response |
| MEMORY T CELLS (Cell-Mediated Immune Response) | Remain to provide immunological memory to provide rapid response to future invasion |
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