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Block 5 Anat. Exam 2
Larynx and Lung Stuff
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the space around the median epiglottal ligament that separates the tongue from the epiglottis? | vallecula |
| What structure located behind the epiglottis is also known as the inlet of the larynx? | vestibule |
| What is another name for the false vocal folds? | vestibular fold |
| What is contained within the true vocal fold? | vocal ligament and vocalis muscle |
| What is the space called between the false and true vocal folds? | ventricle |
| Where is the infraglottic space located? | inferior to the vocal folds |
| The hyoid bone is located at what cervical vertebra? | C3 |
| The cricoid cartilage is located at what cervical vertebra? | C6 |
| What is true about the cricoid cartilage? | It is continous with the trachea |
| The thyroid cartilage is located at what cervical vertebra? | C4-C5 |
| What is true about the hyoid bone, cricoid cartilage, and thyroid cartilage? | They all articulate with synovial joints |
| What are the only muscles to abduct the vocal ligaments? | posterior cricoarytenoids |
| Most of the muscles of the larynx are innervated by what? | the inferior laryngeal nerve (a branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve of vagus) |
| The cricothyroid muscle is innervated by what? | the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve of vagus) |
| What is a space that circumscribes the thyrocricoid ring of the larynx? | piriform recess |
| Injury to what zones of the neck is associated with the highest morbidity and mortality? | zones I and III |
| Most of the larynx is located in what zone of the neck? | zone II |
| What is not true about the hyoid bone? | it is part of the larynx |
| What is the fxn of the hyoid bone? | it provides flexible support to the larynx and provides a base for the tongue |
| What is known as a hollow musculoligamentous structure within a cartilaginous framework capping the lower respiratory tract? | larynx |
| Describe the location of the larynx | it opens superiorly into the pharynx immediately posterior and slightly inferior to the tongue and oropharyngeal isthmus; it is continous below with the trachea |
| What are the 2 fxns of the larynx. | sphincter and trumpet |
| What are the 3 unpaired cartilages of the larynx? | cricoid, thyroid, epiglottis |
| What are the 3 paired cartilages of the larynx? | arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform |
| Besides cartilage, what other two things make up the larynx? | a fibroelastic membrane and extrinisic and intrinsic muscles. |
| What cartilage is located immediately superior to the 1st tracheal ring? | cricoid |
| What important landmark is important for intubation? | vallecula |
| Where is the epiglottis located in relationship to the hyoid bone? | it si projected above the hyoid bone |
| The two cartilages that form a cartilaginous skeleton supporting the larynx are what? | thyoid and cricoid |
| What cartilage is not found in everyone and is shaped like a grain of wheat? | triticeal cartilage |
| What is composed of 2 laminae united anteriorly to form the laryngeal prominence? | thyroid cartilage |
| What muscles attach to the anterior arch of the cricoid cartilage? | cricothyroid, cricopharyngeous |
| The ventral midline ridge of the cricoid cartilage attaches to what? | the esophagus |
| Describe the limits of the glottis. | it is the part of the larynx immediately below the epiglottis ending with the termination of the infraglossal fossa |
| Along the midline, the larynx is covered with what? | cervical fascia |
| Laterally, the larynx is covered with what? | sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles |
| What muscles are located inferior to the larynx? | upper constrictors of the esophagus |
| The conus elasticus is composed of what 3 ligaments? | medial cricothyroid ligament, vocal ligament, lateral cricothyroid ligament |
| What is the opening b/t the vocal cords and the attached arytenoid cartilages? | rima glottidis |
| What artery supplies the larynx above the vocal folds? | the superior laryngeal artery, a branch of the thyroid artery |
| What artery supplies the larynx below the vocal folds? | inferior laryngeal artery, a branch of the thyroid artery |
| What innervates the mucous membranes above the vocal folds? | internal laryngeal nerve |
| What supplies the mucous membranes below the vocal folds? | recurrent laryngeal nerve |
| The superior laryngeal nerve branches to what? | the external and internal |
| What contains sensory fibers to the mucosa above the rima glottidis? | the internal |
| What part of the trachea prevents it from collapsing during inspiration? | hyaline cartilaginous partial rings |
| What type of epithelium lines the trachea? | columnar ciliated epithelia |
| What are the limits of the lower respiratory tree? | from the epiglottic cartilage down through the trachea |
| What is the carina? | a bifurcation at the trachea |
| What does the trachea do at T5? | it divides into the left and right principal or primary bronchi at the carina |
| Each primary bronchus branches into what? | lobar bronchi |
| Where do the right and left primary bronchi enter the lungs? | at the hila |
| What provides lymphatic drainage to the trachea? | paratracheal nodes |
| What provides lymphatic drainage to the carina? | inferior tracheobronchial nodes |
| What provides lympahtic drainage to the bronchi? | bronchopulmonary nodes |
| Where is the isthmus of the thyroid located? | at the 2-4 tracheal ring |
| What does the pretracheal fascia contain? | inferior thyroid plexus (located inferior to thyroid isthmus) |
| Where is the left recurrent laryngeal nerve found? | in the tracheoesophageal groove |
| What provides sympathetic innervation to the trachea? | middle cervical ganglia |
| What provides parasympathetic innervation to the trachea? | recurrent laryngeal and rt. vagus |
| What provides the blood supply to the first 2/3 of the trachea? | inferior thyroid artery |
| What provides the blood supply to the last 1/3 of the trachea? | bronchial artery |
| What provides lympathic drainage to trachea? | deep cervical pretracheal, paratracheal nodes |
| What innervates the bronchi? | pulmonary plexus |
| What provides blood supply to bronchi? | bronchial artery |
| What provides lympathic drainage to bronchi? | bronchial nodes |
| The superior and inferior thyroid arteries give rise to what arteries and form an anastomosis? | superior and inferior laryngeal arteries |
| Describe what gives rise to the internal and external branches of the superior laryngeal nerve? | Vagus-->superior laryngeal nerve-->internal and external branches |
| Describe what gives rise to the inferior laryngeal nerve? | Vagus-->left recurrent laryngeal-->inferior laryngeal |
| Where is the left recurrent laryngeal nerve located with respect to the aorta? | It passes inferior to the arch of the aorta |
| What are the two submucosal parts of the interior lining of the larynx called? | quadrangular membrane, conus elasticus |
| What does the quadrangular membrane do? | it connects the epiglottis with the arytenoid and thyroid cartilages |
| The quadrangular membrane is attached to what two cartilages? | arytenoid and corniculate |
| The inferior free edge of the quadrangular membrane is thickened to form what? | false vocal cord |
| What nerve passes inferior to the rt. subclavian artery? | rt. recurrent laryngeal nerve |
| What nerve penetrates teh thyrohyoid muscle to provide sensation to the laryngeal mucous membrane and the superior surface of the vocal cords? | internal laryngeal nerve |
| What nerve is the primary motor nerve of the larynx and also provides sensation to the infraglottic region? | inferior laryngeal nerve |
| What muscles increase tension on the vocal ligaments when they tighten by rotating the thyroid cartilage inferior? | cricothyroid muscles |
| What muscles relax the vocal ligaments by pulling the arytenoid cartilage anterior? | thyroarytenoid |
| What muscles abduct the vocal ligaments by external rotation of the arytenoid cartilages? | posterior cricoarytenoids |
| What muscles adduct the vocal ligaments by internal rotation of the arytenoid cartilages? | lateral cricoarytenoid |
| what muscles adduct the vocal ligments by medial approximation of arytenoid cartilages? | transverse cricoartytenoids |
| What do the parasympathetics do to bronchial smooth muscle? | constrict with a secretomotor fxn |
| Are the bronchi and trachea innervated by the sympathetic nervous system directly? | no |
| What plexi does the vagus contribute to? | pulmonary and cardiac |
| The left vagus nerve descends posterior to what? | common carotid artery |
| At the left arch of the aorta, the vagus gives rise to what? | left recurrent laryngeal nerve |
| Where does the left vagus give branches to the left pulmonary plexus? | inferior to the root of the left lung |
| The left vagus normally does not contribute to what? | parasympathetic innervation of the heart |
| Right bronchial artery arises from what artery? | 3rd right posterior intercostal artery |
| Left bronchial artery arises from what artery? | directly from aorta |
| 1/3 of the nutritional circulation of the lungs drains through what? | the bronchial veins to the IVC |
| 2/3 of the nutritional circulation of the lungs drains through what? | enters the pulmonary veins to the left atrium |
| The dual circulation of the lungs forms what? | a normal rt. to left shunt, which can cause a slight desaturation of blood entering the left atrium |
| The bronchial arteries supply what? | lungs and visceral pleurae |
| The right bronchial vein drains to what? | azygos |
| The left bronchial vein drains to what? | hemiazyos |
| The parietal pleura is supplied and drained by what? | intercostal arteries and veins |
| All lymph from teh lung leaves along the root of the lung and drains to what? | inferior and superior tracheobronchial lymph nodes |
| The inferior tracheobrochial nodes drain to what side? | right |
| What is the final destination of lymph drainage from the lungs? | brochomediastinal trunks |
Created by:
bmensen
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