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Attention
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Attention is... | Limited, selective, and basic |
| Arousal | Conditions of responsiveness to the outside world, a slider not a switch |
| Sustained attention | The ability to maintain alertness continuously over time |
| Selective attention | Allows certain information to be selected for additional processing |
| Divided attention | Distributing attention across 2 or more tasks |
| Reticular Activating System (RAS) | Responsible for overall arousal |
| Parts of the brain responsible for arousal | Midbrain nuclei for pathway parallel to the RAS in the cholinergic system, activity in locus coeruleus in the noradrenergic system, and the medial dorsal, intralaminar, and reticular nuclei of the thalamus |
| Parts of the brain responsible for sustained attention | Basal forebrain nuclei in the cholinergic system, and the noradrenergic system alerts the cortex to incoming information. Basal forebrain and noradrenergic project to the midline of the thalamus |
| Cholinergic System | Produces acetylcholine. Maintains electroencephalographic pattern, plays a role in memory by maintaining neuron excitability, death of neurons and decrease in ACh are thought to be related to Alzheimer's disease |
| Noradrenergic System | Produces norepinephrine. Active in maintaining emotional tone, decreases in NE are thought to be related to depression and increases in NE are thought to be related to mania (overexcited behavior) |
| Stroop Task | Indicate the font color of the word. Don't read the word itself. Tests sustained attention. |
| Video games | Action gamers have trouble sustaining attention because the games they play are characterized by their fast pace and continual updating of visual information |
| Bottom-up attentional selection | Guided by stimulus features |
| Noradrenergic System | Produces norepinephrine. Active in maintaining emotional tone, decreases in NE are thought to be related to depression and increases in NE are thought to be related to mania (overexcited behavior) |
| Top-down attentional selection | Guided by internal goals |
| Stroop Task | Indicate the font color of the word. Don't read the word itself. Tests sustained attention. |
| Video games | Action gamers have trouble sustaining attention because the games they play are characterized by their fast pace and continual updating of visual information |
| Bottom-up attentional selection | Guided by stimulus features |
| Top-down attentional selection | Guided by internal goals |
| Parts of the brain responsible for selective attention | Thalamus, lateral geniculate nucleus, pulvinar nucleus, parietal areas, intraparietal sulcus (IPS) |
| Broadbent's theory of Early Selection of Attention (1958) | Attention selection happens before identification |
| Deutsch & Deutsch Late Selection of Attention (1963) | Attention selection happens after identification |
| Feature Integration Theory | When perceiving a stimulus, features are "registered early, automatically, and in parallel, while objects are identified separately" and at a later stage in processing. Single feature searches are faster than conjunction feature searches. |
| Parts of the brain responsible for selective attention | Thalamus, lateral geniculate nucleus, pulvinar nucleus, parietal areas, intraparietal sulcus (IPS), superior parietal lobe, inferior parietal lobe (IPL), and medial prefrontal cortex |
| Thalamus - Selective | A gateway for sensory information into the cortex |
| Lateral geniculate nucleus - Selective | Relay and processing center for vision in the thalamus |
| Pulvinar nucleus - Selective | Responsible for filtering distractors, located in the thalamus |
| Parietal areas - Selective | Involved in controlling selective attention and allocating attentional resources to stimuli/tasks, which has a major role in top-down control of attention (IPS, SPL, IPL) |
| Intraparietal Sulcus (IPS) - Selective | Directs attention for the selection of stimuli. Bilateral damage to this area results in abnormal performance on conjunction searches |
| Superior parietal lobe | Responsible for shifting attention (disengaging attention from current location and shifting to a new location) |
| Inferior parietal lobe (IPL) | Responsible for detecting unattended or low frequency events (bottom-up processing), is comprised of the supramarginal gyrus (Smg) and the temporal-parietal junction (TPJ) |
| Medial prefrontal cortex | Involved in the selection for actions. Is comprised of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), anterior cingulate (ACG), and supplementary motor area (SMA) |
| Anterior cingulate (ACG) | Acts as a conflict monitor in the brain |
| Lateral PFC | Sets goals for attention |
| Dorsolateral PFC | The region of the brain that has been associated with dividing attention |
| Mesulam's Attentional Network Model | A distributed but overlapping model. The frontal lobe, posterior parietal lobe, and cingulate gyrus all work together to process attention, as well as the RAS which sends signals to the cortex. |
| Posner's Attentional Network Model | Top-down heavy focus, splits attentional network model into three separate systems taking care of alerting, orienting, and executive attention. |
| Corbetta and Sulman's Attention Network Model | Different areas of the brain process the selection of goals versus the detection of relevant stimuli (the dorsal system does top-down processing and the ventral system does bottom-up processing) |
| Change blindness | Change in visual stimulis is introduced but the observer does not notice it. |
| Change blindness parts of the brain | Dorsolateral PFC and parietal cortex are more active when change is detected, and early and late TMS applied to right posterior parietal cortex during a change blindness task resulted in more misses |
| Inattentional blindness | An individual fails to recognize an unexpected stimulus in plain sight |
| Inattentional blindness parts of the brain | Greater activity in the visual cortex for distractions in low demand vs. high demand conditions |
| Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms | Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity |
| ADHD Subtypes | Combined (most common), inattentive (formerly ADD), and hyperactive-impulsive |
| ADHD Brain Structure Differences | ADHD brain volume is smaller than neurotypical controls, and ADHD brains mature slower than controls (with the exception of the primary motor cortex) |
| ADHD Function | Lower dopamine and norepinephrine levels in the brains of people with ADHD |
| Hemineglect | Unawareness or unresponsiveness to objects, people, and other stimuli in the left side of space |
| Hemineglect causes | Problems (stroke/brain trauma) in the inferior parietal lobule, temporal parietal junction (strongest correlation), and dorsolateral premotor and medial frontal regions |
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