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A&P II
Chapter 18 19 20
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What red blood cell antigens are present in Type AB blood? | A and B |
| Why can an AB⁻ (AB negative) individual not donate blood to an A⁻ (A negative) individual? | Anti-B antibodies in the recipient will agglutinate RBCs of the donor. |
| What gas does erythrocytes transport in the body, carrying one from the lungs to the tissues | Oxygen |
| What gas does erythrocytes transport in the body from the tissue to lungs? | Carbon Dioxide |
| Where does blood cell formation occur in? | Red Bone Marrow |
| What is NOT a function of blood? | Produce plasma hormones |
| What is the Universal Blood donor? | O, Rh negative |
| What is the pale yellow colloidal solution that makes up the majority of our blood called? | Plasma |
| What is the production of red blood cells? | Erythropoiesis |
| What is the production of platelets? | Thrombopoiesis |
| What is the process of blood cell formation that occurs in the red bone marrow called? | Hemopoiesis |
| What is the production of white blood cells? | Leukopoiesis |
| Approximately what percentage of blood composition is made up of the formed elements? | 45% |
| Approximately what percentage of the formed elements in blood are red blood cells (erythrocytes)? | 95% |
| What process causes the stoppage of bleeding? | Hemostasis |
| What is the thin serous membrane located on the outer surface of the heart called? | Epicardium |
| What is the thick middle layer of the heart wall that is made of cardiac muscle called? | Myocardium |
| What is the smooth inner surface of the heart chambers composed of squamous epithelium called? | Endocardium |
| What is the double-layered closed sac that surrounds the heart called? | Pericardium |
| What is the plate of fibrous connective tissue between the atria and ventricles that provides support and serves as electrical insulation between them called? | Heart skeleton |
| Which blood vessels carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs? | Pulmonary arteries |
| Which blood vessels carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart? | Pulmonary veins |
| What is the sudden death of heart tissue caused by a lack of blood supply called? | Myocardial infarction |
| What type of stimulation increases heart rate, atrial conduction, and the strength of heart contractions? | Sympathetic |
| Which chamber of the heart is responsible for pumping blood to the lungs? | Right Ventricle |
| What causes the opening and closing of the heart valves? | Pressure gradients |
| What structure acts as the pacemaker that initiates each heartbeat? | Sinoatrial (SA) Node |
| What term describes the dilation or relaxation of a heart chamber, usually the ventricle? | Diastole |
| What term describes the contraction of a heart chamber? | Systole |
| What is the groove that runs obliquely around the heart and separates the atria from the ventricles called? | Coronary Sulcus |
| What groove runs inferiorly from the coronary sulcus and indicates the division between the right and left ventricles? | Interventricular Sulcus |
| How do vessels change in diameter and wall thickness in the venous system? | Increase |
| How do vessels change in number as they proceed toward the heart? | Decrease |
| What are the three basic types of capillaries? | Fenestrated Capillaries, Continuous Capillaries, Sinusoid Capillaries |
| At what diameter do veins begin to contain valves that prevent back flow? | 2 mm |
| What is the term for the flow of blood through straight, smooth-walled vessels? | Laminar Flow |
| What is the force that blood exerts on the walls of blood vessels called? | Blood Pressure |
| Where in the circulatory system is blood pressure closest to zero? | Right Atrium |
| What is NOT a means of capillary exchange of nutrients? | Laminar Flow |
| In capillary beds, what pressure is higher on the arteriole side that drives filtration, moving fluid out of the blood vessels into the tissues? | Hydrostatic Pressure |
| On the venous side of the capillary bed, what pressure leads to reabsorption of fluids and metabolic wastes from the tissues back into the blood? | Colloid Osmotic Pressure |
| What is the term for the tendency of blood vessel volume to increase (stretch) as blood pressure increases? | Vascular Compliance |
| In which blood vessels is blood velocity the greatest? | The Aorta |
| What happens to the velocity of blood as veins increase in diameter? | The blood increases |
| What primarily controls blood flow in the circulatory system? | It is controlled by the Nervous system and Hormonal Stimulation |
| In the blood vessels of the cardiovascular system, what receptors are responsible for detecting changes in blood chemistry? | Chemoreceptor Reflexes |
| What receptors act as stretch receptors that detect pressure changes in blood vessels? | Baroreceptor Reflexes |
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