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mole. genetics ch. 9
replication is connected to the cell cycle
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the stages of the eukaryotic cell cycle? | G1, S, G2, M, and G0 (resting) |
| what is happening in G1? | the primary growth phase in which everything except DNA doubles. in order for a cell to progress to S phase, it needs to meet a minimum growth with undamaged DNA. Otherwise, it will trigger the G1/S checkpoint and not progress to S. |
| what is happening in S? | S phase begins through signaling of the first replicon. with initiation at other replicons occurring in an orderly manner. In this phase, DNA synthesis replication occurs. |
| what is happening in G2? | the cell grows, duplicates organelles and synthesizes proteins necessary as the cell prepares for mitosis |
| what is happening in the M phase? | mitosis, in which the cell divides into 2 daughter cells |
| what is happening in the G0 phase? | the resting phase in which cells step out of the active cell cycle (no DNA replication or cell division occurs) |
| what triggers bacterial replication? | it is triggered at a single origin when the cell mass reaches a certain threshold |
| What is a nucleoid? | irregular shaped, non membrane- bound region in a prokaryotic cell that contains most of its genetic material |
| what is catenation of chromosomes and how is it resolved? | the process in which two chromosomes in bacteria interlock as a result of replication, and it is resolved by topoisomerase separating them by cutting and resealing the DNA |
| what is the average doubling time of E. coli? | 40 minutes, with bacterial division being triggered 20 minutes later (so a total of an hour) |
| how long does it take for a bacterial chromosome to replicate? | 40 minutes |
| what is a multiforked chromosome? | bacterial chromosomes undergoing multiple, simultaneous rounds of DNA replication, where new replication forks form before the previous cycle finishes |
| what is a septum? | an impenetrable barrier formed at the center of the bacterial cell and provides the site in which the daughter cells will separate entirely |
| what is the ftsZ protein and what does it do? | a prokaryotic, cytoskeletal protein that forms a ring at the center of the cell as an initiation for bacterial cell division, and recruits other enzymes necessary to form the septum |
| what do the products of minC, minD, and minE genes do? | they are division inhibitors and work to confine septation at the mid-cell by preventing ftsZ from forming the ring at the poles |
| what is nucleoid occlusion? | a process in which it prevents Z-ring formation over the bacterial chromosome and thus prevents the septum from bisecting an individual chromosome at cell division. |
| how does SlmA participate in nucleoid occlusion? | it is a DNA binding protein that binds to the bacterial chromosome, acting on FitZ to prevent septum formation in this region of the cell |
| what is a signal transduction pathway? | process by which a stimulus or cellular state is sensed by and transmitted to pathways within the cell |
| what is a proto-oncogene? | the genes that encode most of the elements in the signal transduction pathway; they are the normal version of a gene with oncogenic potential. |
| what are p53 and Rb and what do they do? | they are tumor suppressors as well as transcription factors that prevent tumor formation by regulating the cell cycle |
| what does Rb specifically do? | Rb binds to transcription factor E2F, which prevents it from turning on genes required for progression through G1 and entry into S phase |
Created by:
angievelasco
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