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unit 6 gov review
political ideologies review based on AP gov notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the 5 core American political values/beliefs? | Individualism, equality of opportunity, free enterprise, rule of law, and limited government |
| what is free enterprise? | values an economic system based on private ownership, individual initiative, profit, and competition; limited gov control |
| what are some examples from history that demonstrate the core American values? | civil rights movement, womens' rights movement, affirmative action, affordable care act, gun rights protests, etc. |
| what is the generational effect? | the impact of historical events experienced by a generation upon their political views |
| how do life-cycle effects influence political priorities at different ages? | issues that are relevant to younger voters may not be relevant to older voters and vice versa; younger voters are typically less politically active and more liberal |
| what is political socialization? | process by which political views and values are passed on to younger generations |
| what are the 6 factors that affect political socialization? | family, peers, school, media, religious institutions, globalization |
| what is globalization? | the increased connectedness of people, businesses, and countries around the world; impacts political values/traditions |
| how does public opinion influence the creation of public policy? | public policy is a response to issues voiced by the people |
| what happens during agenda setting and why is it the first step in the policy-making process? | identifying the problem, people expressing their concerns, issues, and ideas; leads to a demand for action/policy changes |
| what is policy formulation? | formulating ideas to address the issues through discussion in order to settle on a policy proposal |
| why is policy adoption often difficult and what role do linkage institutions play? | attempts to build support for a policy to get it passed, must be adopted by gov; interest groups, media, and parties organize protests and encourage supporters to call their officials |
| how does policy implementation differ at federal and state levels? | enforces laws for the whole bureaucracy; federal gov passes the laws, states determine how they will practice the federal law |
| why is policy evaluation critical, and what questions should be asked? | the policy must be assessed to determine if it's an improvement; is the law effective? worth keeping, changing, or dismantling? has the issue decreased? etc. |
| what are the 5 steps of the policy-making process? | agenda setting, policy formulation, policy adoption, policy implementation, policy evaluation |
| how do party polarization, compromise, and time constraints affect the policy-making process? | severe party polarization/lack of compromise leads to a standstill/gridlock, logrolling, and lack of meaningful policies or actions |
| what are the three main political ideologies? | liberal, conservative, libertarian |
| what's the difference between the three political ideologies regarding economics | liberals prefer more gov regulation and Keynesian economics, conservatives prefer less gov regulation and supply-side economics, and libertarians oppose all gov regulation |
| what are the key principles of supply-side economics? | lower taxes, fewer regulations, focus of supply (businesses) to stimulate economic growth; benefits trickle down |
| what are the key principles of Keynesian economics? | increased gov spending, regulations, more focus on demand (consumers) to stimulate economic growth; benefits trickle up |
| what's the difference between fiscal and monetary policy? | fiscal policies use taxation and spending to guide the economy, while monetary policies alter money supply and interest rates to manage the economy |
| who controls fiscal policy? | president and congress |
| who controls monetary policy? | federal reserve board |
| Describe proportional, progressive, and regressive taxes | proportional levies the same rate of taxes for everyone (communism), progressive levies higher taxes for higher incomes (liberal, current federal tax system), regressive levies higher taxes for lower incomes |
| what are the three taxes (sources of income)? | federal income tax, payroll (FICA) taxes, Corporate income taxes |
| What are the largest categories of mandatory spending? | entitlements (medicare/medicaid, social security, unemployment, income security) |
| What are the largest categories of discretionary spending? | military, education, research, tech, transport |
| define balanced budget, budget surplus, and budget deficit | balanced budget is when the gov raises enough in taxes to match their spending (expenditures), surplus is when the gov exceeds revenues, and deficit is when the gov exceeds expenditures, creating more debt |
| what's the difference between national debt and budget deficit? | national debt is how much we owe since the foundation of the U.S., and budget deficit is what we add on to the debt |
| what's the role of the Federal Reserve? | central bank of the U.S. and independent regulatory commission that oversees the money supply and monetary policy; has 7 governor's with 14yr terms; has 12 regional banks |
| what are some informal methods of assessing public opinion? | elections, media, personal contact with the people; formal methods are scientific polls |
| why are scientific polls the most accurate way to measure public opinion? | they are statistically neutral due to random samples, therefore they represent the whole population; uses neutral questions and are conducted as standard interviews |
| why must polls be neutral in every aspect? | the types of questions, the time, place, tone, etc. can create bias or influence responses; all factors of a poll should remain neutral and stagnant |
| how can wording influence poll results? | leading questions, trigger words, emotionally charged words, and adding extra info can influence responses |
| what are the main types of polls? | entrance surveys, exit polls, benchmark polls, tracking polls |
| what is a benchmark poll? | taken at the beginning of a campaign to gauge a candidates popularity and determine which issues are most important |
| what is a tracking poll? | traces the level of support for a candidate or a particular issue throughout a campaign |
| why can polls never be 100% accurate? | only help steer policy-making; can inaccurately predict election results and do not always capture the views of a population |
| what's the strongest predictor of public opinion?? | political party affiliation |
| Should elected officials make decisions based on public opinion or their own judgement? | making decisions based on public opinion is best as it favors the people; using personal judgement defeats the purpose of limited gov and having a large republic with all the power would not benefit the country (according to Brutus 1) |
Created by:
lesley_j
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