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Genetics Exam 2
Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Virus | a piece of genome material protected by a shell (capsid) that takes over a cell to replicate itself; may also have an membrane envelope |
| Viral Genome | code for viral proteins need to enter a cell and replicate |
| (+) Strand | genome able to be used directly as mRNA and translated to a protein |
| (-) Strand | genome is the base-pair complement of the mRNA; replication is required to make the correct mRNA capable of translation |
| Fluorophores | absorbs one color and emit the light of another; visualizes and locates biomolecule |
| FISH | uses labeled nucleic acids to identify complimentary nucleic acids in cells |
| RT-PCR | uses enzyme from HIV to make cDNA from mRNA |
| Reporter Gene | helps identify when and where promotors are expressed by producing an identifiable protein of their own |
| Antibodies | 3D immune system proteins that attach to molecule; Epitope tags |
| Fluorescent Proteins | proteins that naturally fluorescence based on sequence |
| Kinases | change protein activity by adding phosphate groups |
| Phosphates | change protein activity by removing phosphate groups |
| Proteasome | identifies and unfold Ubiquitin, breaking it into small chains |
| Positve Feedback | propels a process until finished |
| Negative Feedback | regulatory process that turns of when homeostasis is met |
| Mitosis (M) Phase | DNA separates |
| Cytokenesis | cell separates |
| Interphase | DNA replication occurs |
| Kinetochore Microtubules (MTs) | connect to proteins @ centromere, positioning the chromosome at the center of the cell to pull spindles apart |
| Polar Microtubule | overlap; motor push rod-like MTs apart, elongating the cell |
| Prophase | chromosome condense and spindles form |
| Prometaphase | nuclear envelop fragments; MTs attach to chromosomes |
| Metaphase | chromosomes line up |
| Anaphase | sister chromatids separate and cells elongate |
| Telophase | daughter nuclei form and chromosomes condense |
| BrdU Staining | measures cell division by incorporating a unique nucleotide during DNa replication and identifying antibody staining |
| Checkpoint | control stop and go signals, regulating the cell cycle with the help of both internal and external monitoring |
| Cyclin | protein that appears in many forms during the cell cycle, its fluctuating levels altering the cell cycle |
| CDKs | require cyclin to activate, controls cell cycle progression remaining at constant levels |
| Mitogen | growth factors act as a signaling molecule that simulate cell division |
| GTP/GDP | regulates G proteins with the addition/removal of a phosphate group like ATP |
| Guanine Exchange Factors (GEFs) | activate the exchange of GDP to GTP |
| Mitogen-Activated Proteins (MAPs) | stimulate cell division, activated by RAS-GTP |
| Oncogenes | genes that code for proteins that initiate cell division |
| Tumor Supressors | genes that code for proteins which prevent cell division or that fix mutations |
| Mutagens | substances that cause DNA mutations |
| Transposons | uses a "cut-and-paste" mechanism in which DNA is excised from one site and inserted into another, moving into the genome |
| Retrotransposons | uses a "copy-and-paste" mechanism in which an element is transcribed into RNA, reverse-transcribed back into DNA, and inserted elsewhere |
| Non-Homologus End Joining | DSB occurs and the ends are rejoined, deleting the DNA sequence at the end points |
| Homologus Recombination | DSB occurs by nuclease @ the 5' end and repaired using a sister chromatid template |
| p53 | major tumor supressor and transcription factor for p21 mutations to this gene is responisble for > 50% of cancers; |
| p21 | inhibits G1 and S CDKs |
| BRCA1/2 | proteins that initiate DNA repair; mutations to this gene are associated with breast, and sometimes ovarian, cancer |
| RdRp | replication enzyme brought into with (-) strand viruses to initiate replication to create (+) strand |
| Ubiquitin | acts as a target for degradation by a proteasome |
| Stem Cells | replace themselves and give rise to new, specialized cells; pluripotent |
| Potency | a cell's potential to differentiate |
| Morphogen | signaling molecules used in fetal development that can differ based on the environment [ ] |
| Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) | generate migratory cells needed for metastasis |
Created by:
MadisonFoleyReis
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