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Vision and Hearing
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Sensation | The registration, or detection, of physical and chemical stimuli from the environment by the sensory organs |
| Perception | The subjective interpretation of sensations by the brain |
| Synesthesia | Perceptual phenomenon where stimulation of one sensory system leads to automatic, involuntarily experiences in a second sensory system - most common version is color-graphemic synesthesia |
| Anatomy of the eye | Cornea, lens, retina, fovea, optic nerve, |
| Retina | Layer of nerve cells at the back of the eye |
| Fovea | Center of the retina |
| Types of retinal cells | Ganglion cells, amacrine cell, bipolar cell, horizontal cell, photoreceptors (cone and rod) |
| Rod | Photoreceptor specialized for functioning at low levels of light (scotopic vision) |
| Cone | Photoreceptor specialized for color vision and high visual acuity (photopic vision) |
| Similarities between rods and cones | Contain light sensitive chemicals called photopigments, hyperpolarize in response to light, do not have action potentials, synapse with bipolar cells, and are located at the back of the retina |
| Cones | Less sensitive to light, fewer per eye (6 million each), 3 types, detect color, found throughout the eye but concentrated in the fovea, detect fine detail |
| Rods | Higher sensitivity to light, more per eye (120 million each), 1 type, cannot detect color, only located in the periphery, cannot detect fine detail |
| Ganglion cells | The optic nerve is formed by the axons of the retinal variety of these cells |
| Magnocellular (M) cells | Larger ganglion cells that carry information from rods; located throughout the retina |
| Parvocellular (P) cells | Smaller ganglion cells that carry information from the cones; located mainly in the fovea |
| Dorsal stream | Parietal lobe, "how" pathway |
| Ventral stream | Temporal lobe, "what" pathway |
| V1 (striate cortex) | Primary processing of visual input from retina via the lateral geniculate nucleus. Color, edge detection (form), and movement |
| V2 | Further processing of visual input. Orientation, spatial frequency, color, depth |
| Visual impairments | Visual conditions, akinetopsia, object agnosia, hermineglect |
| Visual conditions | Myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), and astigmatism are conditions that involve refractive errors of the eye. Very common |
| Akinetopsia | Visual disorder in which an individual can't perceive motion; perceive still objects with a comet tail (Patient LM, caused by damage to area V5 from stroke or traumatic brain injury) |
| Object agnosia | Visual disorder in which an individual is unable to recognize objects |
| Apperceptive agnosia | Inability to develop a percept of the structure of an object or objects, cause: bilateral damage to the more lateral regions of the occipital lobe - those with outputs to the ventral stream |
| Associative agnosia | Inability to recognize an object despite having a normal perception of it, cause: damage to the temporal lobe |
| Hemineglect | Patients ignore one side of the visual world but also ignore one side of objects in their affected visual field, cause: stroke, treatment: caloric stimulation |
| Perception of sound | Extraordinary sensitivity to sound, different sounds can be perceived simultaneously |
| Language and music | Facilitates communication, regulates our emotions and affects others, delivery speed is much faster |
| Outer ear | Pinna, external ear canal |
| Middle ear | Semicurricular canals, ossicles, eardrum, malleus, incus, stapes |
| Inner ear | Cochlea, auditory nerve, eustachian tube |
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