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Exam 1 review
Ch 1-3: intro to anatomy & physiology, chemical basis of life, and cells
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is the difference between anatomy & physiology? | Anatomy is the structure and physiology is the function |
| What are the levels of organization? | subatomic particle, atom, molecule, macromolecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism |
| characteristics of life | growth, reproduction, responsiveness, movement, metabolism |
| growth | increase in size, not shape |
| reproduction | the process of producing offspring or new cellss |
| responsiveness | reaction to change inside or outside the body |
| movement | an act of changing physical location or position |
| metabolism | the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life |
| requirements of life? | water- required for transport of substances and regulation of body temp, food- provides nutrients, energy, raw materials for building living tissue; oxygen(gas)- used to release energy from nutrients, pressure- application of force on an object |
| atmospheric pressure | force exerted by weight of air on land animals; important for breathing |
| hydrostatic pressure | force exerted by liquids; keeps blood flowing |
| homeostasis | all of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism |
| homeostatic mechanism | self-regulating systems that monitor aspects of the internal environment and correct them as needed |
| positive feedback mechanism | the response enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated |
| negative feedback mechanism | body reverses direction of change |
| matter | any substance that has mass and takes up space |
| atom | smallest unit of ordinary matter |
| element | any substance that cannot be broken down to simpler substances |
| basic unit of matter | atoms |
| what is the structure of an atom? | proton, neutron, electron |
| nucleus | central core of stable atom |
| proton | positive |
| neutron | no charge |
| electron | negative charge |
| ionic bonding | electrical attraction between opposite charges; cations and anions |
| hydrogen bonding | bonds hydrogen atom to electronegative atom |
| covalent bond | sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule |
| anabolic reactions | synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones |
| decomposition reaction (catabolism) | breaks chemical bonds AB> A+B |
| exchange reactions (metathesis reactions) | cations and anions appear to exchange partners |
| reactant | starting materials of a chemical reaction; the atoms, ions, or molecules |
| product | substances formed at the end of a chemical reaction |
| catalyst | a substance that speeds up a chemical raction |
| acid | any compound that forms H+ ions in solution |
| base | a substance decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution |
| pH scale | measurement system used to indicate the concentration hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution; ranges from 0-14 |
| what ions are involved in the pH scale? | hydrogen and hydroxide ions |
| what is the difference between an organic and inorganic molecule? | organic molecules contain carbon (C) and inorganic do not contain carbon |
| carbohydrates | broken down to glucose to provide energy |
| lipids | long term energy storage (fats) |
| proteins | amino acids |
| nucleic acid | macromolecule containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus |
| structure and function of triglycerides | structure: composed of a glycerol molecule bound to 3 fatty acids; function: long term storage of energy |
| structure of phospholipids | consists of 1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and 1 phosphate; have hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends + major component of cell |
| structure of steroid | 4 connected rings of carbon atoms, mostly cholesterol, component of cell membranes |
| function of steroid | used to synthesize adrenaline and sex hormones, and vitamin D |
| what is an amino acid? | building blocks of proteins |
| what are enzymes? | proteins that speed up chemical reactions and |
| what are the differences between DNA and RNA? | DNA: double stranded, has deoxyribose sugar bases- A, T, G, C RNA: single stranded, has ribose sugar bases- A, U, G, C |
| cytosol | fluid portion of cytoplasm |
| organelles | a tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell |
| cytoplasm | the portion of the cell outside the nucleus |
| cell membrane | the semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell |
| nucleus | control center of the cell, contains DNA |
| what are the functions of the cell membranne? | it regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also provides protection and support |
| what is the structure of the cell membrane? | phospholipid bilayer |
| ribosome | organelle composed of RNA and protein that provides structural support and enzymatic activity for protein synthesis |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum | does not have ribosomes, conducts lipid synthesis |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum | contains ribosomes, conducts protein synthesis, and |
| golgi apparatus | refines, packages, and transports proteins synthesized on ribosomes |
| mitochondria | house chemical reactions that extract energy from nutrients (cellular respiration, which produces ATP); the "powerhouse of the cell" |
| lysosome | small membranous sacs that contain enzymes that digest proteins, carbs, nucleic acids, debris, worn out cell parts, foreign particles; waste removal organelles of the cell |
| peroxisome | similar to lysosomes containing more than 40 enzymes that digest lipids, alcohol, hydrogen peroxide |
| centrosome | "central body", consists of 2 centrioles |
| centrioles | line up spindle fibers(microtubules) during cell division which distribute chromosomes to forming daughter cells |
| cilia | long, slender, motile extensions of cell membrane moving back and forth in coordinated manner. propel mucus in respiratory tract, propel egg toward uterus |
| flagella | flagellum causes the entire cell to move, tail of sperm cell is the only flagellum in a human cell; each cell only has one flagellum |
| vesicle | membranous sacs that store or transplant substances in a cell or between cells |
| nuclear envelope | double bilayer membrane surrounding the cell nucleus and separating it from the cytoplasm |
| nuclear pores | protein lined channel in the nuclear envelope |
| nucleolus | small structure in the cell nucleus that contains RNA and proteins and is the site of ribosome production |
| chromatin | the complex of DNA and protein making up the cells 46 chromosomes |
| endocytosis | molecules too large to enter a cell by diffusion or active transport are conveyed in a vesicle that forms from a portion that forms the cell membrane |
| phagocytosis | cell engulfs solids from its surroundings, requires ATP |
| pinocytosis | cell engulfs droplets of fluid from its surroundings, require ATP |
| exocytosis | transport of substances out of a cell in a membrane bounded vesicle, requires ATP |
| transcytosis | combination of receptor-mediated endocytosis and exocytosis that moves particles through a cell layer, requires ATP |
| filtration | the process that separates a solid from the liquid in a heterogenous mixture |
| active transport | the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of a higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy, also requiring ATP |
| diffusion | movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
| osmosis | diffusion of water |
| facilitated diffusion | the transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient with the aid of carrier proteins |
| isotonic solution | any solution that has the same concentration of solutes (same osmotic pressure) than what is found in cells |
| hypertonic solution | solutions that have a higher concentration of solutes (higher osmotic pressure) than body fluids |
| hypotonic solution | solutions that have a lower concentration of solutes (lower osmotic pressure) than body fluids |
| interphase | period between cell divisions when a cell metabolizes and prepares to divide |
| prophase | chromatin condenses into chromosomes, centrioles move to opposite sides of the cytoplasm, nuclear envelope and nucleolus disperse, microtubules assemble with centrioles and the two sister chromatids making up each chromosome |
| metaphase | spindle fibers from the centrioles attach to the centromeres of the sister chromatids of each chromosomes, chromosomes align midway between centrioles |
| anaphase | centromeres separate and sister chromatids move apart, with each chromatid now an individual chromosome; spindle fibers shorten and pull the new individual chromosome toward the centrioles |
| telophase | chromosomes elongate and form chromatin threads, nuclear envelope forms around each mass of chromatin; nucleoli form; microtubules break down |
| cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm during the cell cycle |
| hydrolysis | breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water |
| dehydration synthesis | two molecules are bonded together with the removal of a water molecule |
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