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chest
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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the upper portion of the trunk between the neck and abdomen called? | The chest or thorax. |
| What are the three sections of the chest's radiographic anatomy? | Bony thorax, respiratory system proper, and mediastinum. |
| What is the term for the parts of the chest involved with breathing and blood circulation? | Thoracic viscera. |
| What are the three divisions of the sternum? | Manubrium, body, and xiphoid process. |
| What connects the sternum to the scapulae? | The clavicles. |
| How many pairs of ribs are in the bony thorax? | 12 pairs. |
| What is the vertebra prominens? | The spinous process of C7, an important landmark for PA chest projection. |
| Where is the jugular notch located? | On the superior portion of the sternum below the thyroid cartilage. |
| What is the xiphoid process and its significance? | The inferior tip of the sternum, corresponding to the level of T9-T10, but not a reliable landmark for chest positioning. |
| What is respiration? | The exchange of gaseous substances between the air and the bloodstream. |
| What are the four general divisions of the respiratory system? | Pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. |
| What is the primary muscle of inspiration? | The diaphragm. |
| What happens to the thoracic cavity volume during inspiration? | It increases, leading to a decrease in intrathoracic pressure. |
| What is the pharynx and its function? | A passageway for food, fluids, and air, located between the nose and mouth above and the larynx and esophagus below. |
| How long is the pharynx? | Approximately 5 inches (13 cm). |
| What are the three divisions of the pharynx? | Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. |
| What is the role of the epiglottis during swallowing? | It flips down to cover the laryngeal opening, preventing food and fluid from entering the larynx. |
| What is the relationship of the esophagus to the pharynx and larynx? | The esophagus connects the pharynx with the stomach, beginning at the distal end of the laryngopharynx. |
| What is the significance of the midthorax in chest positioning? | It can be located easily from the vertebra prominens and jugular notch landmarks. |
| What is the effect of diaphragm movement on intrathoracic pressure? | As the diaphragm moves downward, intrathoracic pressure decreases, drawing air into the lungs. |
| What is the function of the auditory tube found in the nasopharynx? | It helps equalize air pressure between the middle ear and the outside atmosphere. |
| What anatomical structures are located in the laryngopharynx? | It extends from the upper border of the epiglottis to the esophagus. |
| What is the significance of the thoracic vertebrae in the bony thorax? | They provide structural support and protection for the thoracic viscera. |
| What is the primary purpose of accurate radiographic positioning? | To ensure that all essential anatomy is included on a specific projection. |
| What are the common projections for chest radiography? | PA projection, lateral position, AP projection, and lateral decubitus position. |
| What is the importance of understanding chest anatomy for radiographers? | It is crucial for taking accurate chest radiographs and ensuring proper patient care. |
| What is the relationship between the xiphoid process and the diaphragm? | The xiphoid process corresponds to the approximate level of the anterior portion of the diaphragm. |
| What is the clinical significance of the thoracic cavity? | It houses vital organs involved in respiration and circulation. |
| What is the primary function of the larynx? | The larynx serves as the organ of voice, facilitating sound production as air passes between the vocal cords. |
| What structure suspends the larynx? | The hyoid bone suspends the larynx. |
| What is the length of the larynx in adults? | The larynx is approximately 1/2 to 2 inches (4 to 5 cm) in length. |
| What cartilage forms the anterior wall of the larynx? | The thyroid cartilage forms the anterior wall of the larynx. |
| What is the laryngeal prominence commonly known as? | The laryngeal prominence is commonly known as the Adam's apple. |
| At what cervical vertebra level is the upper margin of the larynx located? | The upper margin of the larynx is located at the level of C3. |
| What is the function of the cricoid cartilage? | The cricoid cartilage forms the inferior and posterior wall of the larynx and is attached to the first ring of cartilage of the trachea. |
| What connects the larynx to the main bronchi? | The trachea, or windpipe, connects the larynx to the main bronchi. |
| What is the diameter of the trachea? | The trachea is about 3/4 inch (2 cm) in diameter. |
| How many C-shaped rings of cartilage are found in the trachea? | There are approximately 16 to 20 C-shaped rings of cartilage in the trachea. |
| What is the function of the rings of cartilage in the trachea? | The rings of cartilage keep the airway open by preventing the trachea from collapsing during expiration. |
| At what thoracic vertebra level does the trachea bifurcate? | The trachea bifurcates at the level of T4 or T5. |
| Where is the thyroid gland located? | The thyroid gland is located anteriorly in the neck region just below the thyroid cartilage. |
| What is a unique feature of the thyroid gland? | The thyroid gland can store certain hormones and release them slowly to aid in the regulation of body metabolism. |
| What do parathyroid glands regulate? | Parathyroid glands regulate blood calcium levels by stimulating bone breakdown to increase calcium in the blood. |
| Where are the parathyroid glands located? | The parathyroid glands are embedded in the posterior surface of each lobe of the thyroid gland. |
| What is the location of the thymus gland? | The thymus gland is located inferior to the thyroid gland and anterior and superior to the heart. |
| What is the significance of the thyroid gland in metabolism? | The thyroid gland stimulates the increased deposition of calcium in the bone, lowering blood calcium levels. |
| What imaging techniques are used to visualize the upper airway? | AP and lateral radiographs are used to visualize the air-filled trachea and larynx. |
| What does the lateral radiograph show in relation to the trachea and esophagus? | The lateral radiograph shows the air-filled trachea and larynx, with the esophagus located posteriorly in relation to the trachea. |
| What is the approximate weight of the thyroid gland in adults? | The thyroid gland weighs about 1 ounce (25 to 30 g) in adults. |
| What is the primary function of the thymus gland? | The thymus gland is involved in the development of the immune system, particularly during childhood. |
| What is the relationship between the trachea and the esophagus? | The trachea is located just anterior to the esophagus. |
| What anatomical structures can be identified in a CT image of the neck? | Major structures such as the larynx, trachea, thyroid gland, and parathyroid glands can be identified in a CT image of the neck. |
| What is the role of the thyroid gland in growth and development? | The thyroid gland helps regulate body growth and development, especially in children. |
| What is the significance of the carina in the trachea? | The carina is the last tracheal cartilage where the trachea divides into the right and left primary bronchi. |
| What is the primary difference in size and shape between the right and left primary bronchi? | The right primary bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left bronchus. |
| What is the significance of the carina in the respiratory system? | The carina is a ridge marking the division of the trachea into the right and left bronchi. |
| How many secondary bronchi does the right bronchus divide into? | The right bronchus divides into three secondary bronchi. |
| How many lobes does the left lung have? | The left lung has two lobes. |
| What is the function of alveoli in the lungs? | Alveoli are small air sacs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the blood. |
| What is the total number of alveoli in the human lungs? | Approximately 500 million to 700 million alveoli. |
| What is the name of the elastic substance that makes up the lungs? | The lungs are composed of a light, spongy substance called parenchyma. |
| What are the two layers of the pleura surrounding the lungs? | The outer layer is called the parietal pleura, and the inner layer is called the pulmonary or visceral pleura. |
| What is the pleural cavity? | The pleural cavity is the potential space between the parietal and visceral pleura that contains lubricating fluid. |
| What condition occurs when air enters the pleural cavity? | A pneumothorax occurs when air or gas pressure in the pleural cavity may cause the lung to collapse. |
| What is a hemothorax? | A hemothorax is the accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity. |
| What is pleural effusion? | Pleural effusion refers to fluid accumulation within the pleural cavity. |
| What separates the lobes of the right lung? | The right lung is divided by two deep fissures: the oblique fissure and the horizontal fissure. |
| What is the diaphragm's role in the respiratory system? | The diaphragm is a muscular partition that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and aids in breathing. |
| What is the apex of the lung? | The apex is the rounded upper area of each lung that extends above the level of the clavicles. |
| Where is the carina located? | The carina is located at the point of bifurcation, marking the separation of the trachea into the right and left bronchi. |
| What is the base of each lung? | The base is the lower concave area of each lung that rests on the diaphragm. |
| What is the costophrenic angle? | The costophrenic angle refers to the extreme outermost lower corner of each lung where the diaphragm meets the ribs. |
| What anatomical structures can be identified in a PA chest radiograph? | The PA chest radiograph can show the lungs, heart, large blood vessels, clavicles, scapulae, and ribs. |
| What is the significance of the oblique fissure in the left lung? | The oblique fissure separates the superior and inferior lobes of the left lung. |
| What anatomical feature is more open in the right bronchus compared to the left? | The right bronchus appears more open than the left when viewed through a bronchoscope. |
| What happens to the lungs during the breathing mechanism? | The lungs expand and contract to bring oxygen in and remove carbon dioxide from the blood. |
| What is the relationship between the heart and the lungs in the thoracic cavity? | The heart is located more to the left and is positioned directly behind the sternum and left anterior ribs. |
| What is the role of bronchioles in the respiratory system? | Bronchioles are smaller branches that spread to all parts of each lobe and lead to alveoli. |
| What is the main function of the pleura? | The pleura allows for the movement of the lungs during breathing and provides a lubricated surface. |
| What is the anatomical position of the esophagus relative to the heart? | The esophagus is located posterior to the heart. |
| What are the uppermost and lowermost parts of the lungs called? | The apices and the costophrenic angles. |
| Why is it important to include the costophrenic angles in chest radiographs? | Pathology, such as fluid collection, may be evident at these angles. |
| What is the hilum (hilus) of the lung? | The central area of each lung where bronchi, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves enter and leave. |
| What distinguishes the left lung from the right lung in terms of lobes? | The left lung has two lobes, while the right lung has three lobes. |
| What is the significance of the diaphragm in chest radiographs? | The posterior portion of the diaphragm is the most inferior part and is important for positioning. |
| What causes the right lung to be shorter than the left lung? | The large space-occupying liver pushes up on the right hemidiaphragm. |
| What is the mediastinum? | The medial portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs. |
| Which gland is located within the mediastinum? | The thymus gland. |
| What is the role of the thymus gland? | It is essential for the development of the immune system and thymic lymphocytes (T cells). |
| Where is the heart located in relation to the sternum? | The heart is located posterior to the body of the sternum. |
| What are the major vessels in the mediastinum? | The inferior vena cava, superior vena cava, aorta, and large pulmonary arteries and veins. |
| What is the function of the aorta? | It carries blood to all parts of the body through its various branches. |
| What separates the trachea into the right and left primary bronchi? | The trachea itself, which is located within the mediastinum. |
| What is the anatomical position of the esophagus in relation to the trachea? | The proximal esophagus is located posterior to the trachea. |
| What are the four types of body habitus in chest radiography? | Hypersthenic, Sthenic, Hyposthenic, and Asthenic. |
| What is the characteristic of a sthenic body habitus? | It is an average build that requires careful centering to avoid cutting off costophrenic angles. |
| How does the thoracic cavity change during inspiration? | The thoracic cavity increases in diameter in three dimensions: vertical, transverse, and anteroposterior. |
| What primarily increases the vertical diameter of the thoracic cavity during inspiration? | Contraction and downward movement of the diaphragm. |
| How do the ribs contribute to the increase in thoracic volume during inspiration? | The ribs swing outward and upward, increasing the transverse diameter. |
| What is the role of the capillary network surrounding alveoli? | It facilitates the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with the blood. |
| What happens to the thymus gland after puberty? | It gradually decreases in size until it almost disappears in adulthood. |
| What is the maximum size of the thymus gland at puberty? | About 40 grams. |
| What happens to the thymus gland's visibility on adult radiographs? | It is generally not seen due to replacement of lymphatic tissue with fatty tissue. |
| What is the anatomical relationship of the heart to the pericardial sac? | The heart is enclosed in a double-walled pericardial sac. |
| What are the three parts of the aorta? | Ascending aorta, arch of the aorta, and descending aorta. |
| What is the significance of careful vertical collimation in chest radiography? | To ensure that the costophrenic angles are not cut off on the lower margin. |
| What is the anteroposterior diameter in chest radiography? | It is the third dimension that increases during inspiration by the raising of the ribs. |
| How does expiration affect the thoracic diameters? | During expiration, the elastic recoil of the lungs and the weight of the thoracic walls return the diameters to normal. |
| What is the minimum number of rib pairs that should be visible on a full inspiration PA chest radiograph? | A minimum of 10 pairs of ribs. |
| What is the significance of counting rib pairs in chest radiography? | It helps determine the degree of inspiration by observing how far down the diaphragm has moved. |
| Why might patients with pulmonary diseases not demonstrate 10 ribs above the diaphragm? | They may be unable to inspire deeply due to their condition. |
| What is the recommended CR centering location for older patients? | CR to T6-T7 due to less inhalation capability. |
| What are common pathologic conditions in geriatric patients that may affect chest radiography? | Pneumonia and emphysema. |
| What should be done to assist geriatric patients during positioning for chest radiography? | Provide help and support, including arm supports for lateral positioning. |
| How should the CR and IR be adjusted for bariatric patients? | Place the top of the IR 1 to 2 inches above the shoulder and center the CR to T7. |
| What is the importance of breathing instructions in chest radiography? | To prevent blurring of the radiographic image caused by chest or lung movement. |
| When should patients hold their breath during chest radiography? | On the second full inspiration for better lung aeration. |
| What conditions might require comparison radiographs on both full inspiration and expiration? | Possible small pneumothorax, fixation of the diaphragm, presence of a foreign body. |
| What is the significance of the number of ribs visible above the diaphragm in radiographs? | It indicates the degree of inspiration and expiration. |
| What should be done to prepare a patient for chest radiography? | Remove all opaque objects from the chest and neck regions. |
| Why is careful collimation important in chest radiography? | It reduces patient dose and improves image quality by minimizing scatter radiation. |
| What is the recommended kilovoltage (kVp) range for chest radiography? | 110 to 125 kVp for sufficient contrast to visualize lung markings. |
| What is the effect of using a high kVp in chest radiography? | It results in low contrast, described as long-scale contrast, with more shades of gray. |
| What should be done with long hair during chest radiography? | It should be drawn up or draped across the shoulder to prevent artifacts. |
| What is the role of lead shielding in radiography? | To protect patients from unnecessary radiation exposure. |
| What is the purpose of removing clothing with buttons or snaps before chest radiography? | To prevent radiopaque artifacts from appearing on the radiograph. |
| What is the importance of the diaphragm's position in chest radiography? | It should be checked to ensure it is below the level of at least the tenth posterior rib. |
| What should be done if the T7 level cannot be located in bariatric patients? | Use the vertebra prominens as a landmark to assist in locating T7. |
| What is the general rule for the number of ribs visible in a full expiration radiograph? | Typically, 8 posterior ribs are visible. |
| What is the consequence of taking chest radiographs on full inspiration only? | It may not be suitable for certain conditions requiring comparison with expiration radiographs. |
| What is the effect of using close collimation in chest radiography? | It reduces patient dose and improves image quality. |
| What should be done with oxygen lines or ECG monitor leads during chest radiography? | They should be moved carefully to the side of the chest to avoid artifacts. |
| What effect does lowering kVp have on chest radiography? | Lowering kVp yields high contrast but may not provide sufficient penetration for clear visualization of lung markings. |
| What is a general rule regarding the use of high kVp in chest radiography? | The use of high kVp (>100) requires the use of grids to improve image quality. |
| What advancements in portable chest radiography help improve image quality? | The use of low-ratio grids (6:1 or 8:1) to reduce scatter radiation. |
| What is the recommended exposure time and mAs for chest radiography? | High mA and short exposure time are required to minimize motion and loss of sharpness. |
| Why is proper placement of image markers important in chest radiography? | Correct placement ensures accurate identification of the thorax side, especially in conditions like situs inversus. |
| What is situs inversus? | A condition where the major organs are on the opposite side of the body, affecting heart location. |
| What are the preferred positions for pediatric chest radiographs? | AP supine for newborns and small infants; erect PA and laterals are preferred when possible. |
| What technical factors are important for pediatric chest radiography? | Lower kVp (70 to 85) and less mAs with the shortest exposure time to prevent motion. |
| What are three reasons for taking chest radiographs in an erect position? | 1. Allows diaphragm to move down farther. 2. Visualizes air and fluid levels. 3. Minimizes engorgement and hyperemia of pulmonary vessels. |
| What is the consequence of taking AP chest radiographs at 72 inches? | Increased magnification of the heart shadow complicates the diagnosis of cardiac enlargement. |
| What is the importance of evaluation criteria in chest radiography? | They provide a standard to evaluate radiographs and identify areas for improvement. |
| What does rotation in a PA chest projection affect? | It distorts the size and shape of the heart shadow. |
| How can rotation on a PA chest radiograph be determined? | By examining the symmetric appearance of both sternal ends of the clavicles in relation to the spine. |
| What is the significance of extending the chin during a chest radiograph? | It ensures that the chin does not superimpose the upper lung regions (apices). |
| What is the effect of a supine position on pleural effusion appearance? | It spreads out the effusion over the posterior surface of the lung, creating a hazy appearance. |
| What is hyperemia in the context of chest radiography? | An excess of blood in pulmonary vessels that can alter the radiographic appearance. |
| What is the role of immobilization devices like the Pigg-O-Stat in pediatric radiography? | They help secure the patient during imaging to prevent motion artifacts. |
| What is the recommended SID for chest radiographs to minimize magnification? | A longer source-to-image receptor distance (SID), such as 72 inches (180 cm), minimizes magnification. |
| What is the effect of using virtual grid software during imaging? | It eliminates the need for a physical grid, simplifying the imaging process. |
| What can excessive kyphosis and scoliosis complicate in chest radiography? | They can make it difficult to achieve a true PA projection without rotation. |
| What is the purpose of collimation in chest radiography? | To limit the x-ray beam to the area of interest and reduce patient exposure. |
| What should be done if an image marker is not visible on the radiograph? | The exposure should be retaken to ensure correct identification of the thorax side. |
| Why is it important to assess the patient's position during a PA chest projection? | To ensure there is no rotation that could distort the heart shadow. |
| What does a true PA chest projection require regarding the patient's shoulders? | Both shoulders must be rolled forward and downward to prevent rotation. |
| What is the significance of the diaphragm's position in chest radiography? | Its position affects lung aeration and visualization of air and fluid levels. |
| What is the recommended approach for imaging pediatric patients? | Use higher-speed imaging systems to reduce motion and patient exposure. |
| What should a patient with large pendulous breasts do to minimize breast shadows during a radiograph? | Lift the breasts up and outward before leaning against the chest board. |
| What is the effect of breast shadows on radiographs? | Breast shadows can obscure the lower lung fields. |
| Which side should be demonstrated on a lateral chest radiograph? | The patient's side closest to the image receptor (IR). |
| When is a right lateral chest radiograph indicated? | When specific pathology in the right lung requires it. |
| Why is a left lateral chest radiograph preferred? | It more accurately demonstrates the heart region without excessive magnification. |
| What indicates a true lateral chest position? | The posterior surfaces of the shoulder and pelvis must be superimposed and perpendicular to the IR. |
| What happens to the posterior ribs on a true lateral chest radiograph? | They are slightly magnified and projected posteriorly compared to the side closest to the IR. |
| What indicates excessive rotation in a lateral chest radiograph? | Greater separation of the right and left posterior ribs than 1/4 to 1/2 inch. |
| What is a common recommendation for rotation in lateral chest positioning? | A slight anterior rotation of the side away from the IR to superimpose the posterior ribs. |
| How can the direction of rotation on a lateral chest be determined? | By identifying the left hemidiaphragm or the inferior border of the heart shadow. |
| What is the requirement for tilt in lateral chest positioning? | The midsagittal plane must be parallel to the IR. |
| What should patients do with their arms during a lateral chest radiograph? | Raise both arms high enough to prevent superimposition on the upper chest field. |
| What is the traditional method for determining CR location in chest positioning? | Center the CR to the center of the IR, 1 to 2 inches above the top of the shoulders. |
| What is a significant error in CR placement for chest radiographs? | Inconsistent centering due to variations in lung field dimensions based on body habitus. |
| What is the preferred landmark for locating the CR on a PA chest? | The vertebra prominens, corresponding to the level of T1. |
| How far down from the vertebra prominens should the CR be placed for an average adult female? | About 7 inches (18 cm). |
| How far down from the vertebra prominens should the CR be placed for an average adult male? | About 8 inches (20 cm). |
| What is the recommended CR level for PA chests in most patients? | Near the level of the inferior angle of the scapula, corresponding to T7. |
| What adjustments are needed for well-developed athletic body types in chest positioning? | Centering nearer to T8, or 9 inches (23 cm) down from the vertebra prominens. |
| What is the common misconception about lung dimensions in PA or AP chest radiographs? | The width is greater than the vertical dimension. |
| What should a technologist consider when deciding IR placement for PA or AP projections? | The size and body habitus of the patient. |
| What is the consequence of not raising the arms sufficiently during a lateral chest radiograph? | Soft tissues of the upper arm may superimpose portions of the lung field. |
| What is the average hand width used to estimate CR placement? | Approximately 3 inches (8 cm). |
| What is the significance of the costophrenic angles in chest imaging? | They should be clearly imaged for accurate assessment of lung fields. |
| What is the recommended orientation for the IR in most AP chest radiographs? | Landscape |
| How far below the jugular notch should the CR be centered for AP chest radiographs? | 3 to 4 inches (8 to 10 cm) |
| What size IR is typically used for erect PA chest radiographs? | 17 x 17 inches (43 × 43 cm) |
| Why is proper collimation important in chest radiography? | It reduces radiation dose and improves image quality by minimizing scatter radiation. |
| What is the minimum collimation size for chest radiographs? | 14 x 17 inches (35 x 43 cm) or smaller |
| What landmark is recommended for locating the CR for AP chest radiographs? | The jugular notch |
| What is the upper collimation margin for chest radiographs adjusted to? | About 1½ inches (4 cm) above the vertebra prominens |
| What is the lower collimation border for chest radiographs centered correctly? | 1 to 2 inches (2.5 to 5 cm) below the costophrenic angles |
| What is the purpose of close collimation in digital imaging? | To ensure optimal image quality and reduce radiation exposure. |
| What should be done to ensure accurate centering in chest imaging? | Center the CR to the center of the lung fields. |
| What does the ARRT Code of Ethics dictate regarding exposure factors? | The lowest exposure factors required to obtain a diagnostic image must be used. |
| What is the significance of the exposure indicator in digital imaging? | It verifies that the exposure factors used were in the correct range for optimal quality. |
| What imaging modality is frequently used to examine the mediastinum and lungs? | Computed Tomography (CT) |
| What advantage does Multidetector CT (MDCT) provide? | Faster scanning due to acquiring numerous slices in one rotation. |
| What is sonography used for in chest imaging? | To detect pleural effusion or guide needle insertion for thoracentesis. |
| What type of examination uses sound waves to create an image of the heart? | Echocardiogram |
| What can certain nuclear medicine procedures evaluate? | Pulmonary diffusion conditions or pulmonary emboli. |
| What can MRI evaluate in cardiovascular procedures? | Pathology including congenital heart disorders, graft patency, and aortic dissection. |
| What is a key consideration for patient histories in radiography? | They help select optimum exposure factors and necessary projections. |
| What is the typical distance for the hand spread method in chest imaging? | 7 to 8 inches (18 to 20 cm) |
| What is the average distance from the jugular notch to the CR for males? | 8 inches (20 cm) |
| What is the average distance from the jugular notch to the CR for females? | 7 inches (18 cm) |
| What is the importance of assessing the patient in chest imaging? | To account for variations in lung dimensions, especially in athletic or asthenic patients. |
| What is the purpose of postprocessing evaluation of the exposure indicator? | To ensure the exposure factors used were appropriate for optimal image quality. |
| What is the relationship between collimation and scatter radiation? | Close collimation reduces scatter radiation from surrounding areas. |
| What is the effect of digital imaging systems on exposure latitude? | They can process acceptable images from a broad range of exposure factors. |
| What is a common clinical indication for chest imaging? | Conditions encountered more commonly that technologists should be aware of. |
| What is aspiration in the context of chest pathology? | Aspiration is a mechanical obstruction most common in small children when foreign objects are swallowed or aspirated into the air passages of the bronchial tree. |
| What is atelectasis? | Atelectasis is a condition where collapse of all or a portion of a lung occurs due to obstruction of the bronchus or puncture of an air passageway. |
| What radiographic appearance is associated with atelectasis? | Atelectasis appears radiodense, causing a mediastinal shift towards the affected side. |
| Define bronchiectasis. | Bronchiectasis is an irreversible dilation or widening of bronchi or bronchioles, often resulting from repeated pulmonary infections or obstruction. |
| What causes bronchitis? | Bronchitis is caused by excessive mucus secretion into the bronchi, primarily due to cigarette smoking, viruses, or bacteria. |
| What is the radiographic examination for aspiration? | The radiographic examination for aspiration includes PA and lateral chest and lateral upper airway views. |
| What is the common radiographic appearance of bronchiectasis? | Bronchiectasis shows increased radiodensity with less air in dilated regions, commonly in the lower lobes. |
| What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? | COPD is a persistent obstruction of the airways that usually causes difficulty in emptying the lungs of air, often caused by emphysema or chronic bronchitis. |
| What is the significance of dyspnea in chest pathology? | Dyspnea is a condition of shortness of breath, often caused by physical exertion or restrictive/obstructive defects within the lungs. |
| What is cystic fibrosis? | Cystic fibrosis is an inherited condition where heavy mucus secretions cause progressive clogging of bronchi and bronchioles. |
| What radiographic findings are associated with pneumonia? | Pneumonia may show patchy infiltrates with increased radiodensity on PA and lateral chest radiographs. |
| What is the radiographic examination for pneumothorax? | Pneumothorax is examined using PA and lateral chest views or lateral decubitus with the affected side up. |
| How is pulmonary edema identified radiographically? | Pulmonary edema is identified by increased diffuse radiodensity in hilar regions and possible air-fluid levels. |
| What is the role of the technologist in adjusting exposure factors? | The technologist must adjust exposure factors to obtain a quality diagnostic image without obscuring or accentuating the disease process. |
| What is the typical radiographic appearance of bronchitis? | Bronchitis may show hyperinflation and more dominant lung markings on radiographs. |
| What is the radiographic appearance of pleural effusion? | Pleural effusion appears as radiodense lung regions with a shift of the heart and trachea in severe cases. |
| What are the common indications for chest radiography in adults? | Common indications include aspiration, atelectasis, bronchiectasis, bronchitis, and pneumonia. |
| What is the effect of AEC on exposure adjustments? | AEC systems automatically adjust exposure brightness for patient size variances, reducing the need for manual adjustments. |
| What is the typical examination for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? | COPD is typically examined with PA and lateral chest radiographs. |
| What is the appearance of tuberculosis on radiographs? | Tuberculosis may show small opaque spots throughout the lungs and enlargement of hilar regions. |
| What is the significance of the Heimlich maneuver in aspiration cases? | The Heimlich maneuver is used to relieve coughing and gagging caused by aspiration of food particles. |
| What is the radiographic examination for empyema? | Empyema is examined using PA and lateral chest views, often showing increased radiodensity in specific lung regions. |
| What is the common radiographic appearance of lung neoplasms? | Lung neoplasms may appear as radiodensities with sharp outlines, and may be calcified in some cases. |
| What is the role of patient histories in radiographic procedures? | Patient histories help technologists select optimum exposure factors and prepare for patient needs during procedures. |
| What are the common radiographic examinations for dyspnea? | Dyspnea is commonly examined using PA and lateral chest radiographs. |
| What is the typical examination for epiglottitis? | Epiglottitis is examined using soft tissue lateral upper airway views. |
| What is emphysema? | An irreversible and chronic lung disease characterized by enlarged air spaces in the alveoli due to wall destruction and loss of elasticity. |
| What are common causes of emphysema? | Smoking and long-term dust inhalation. |
| What is a common radiographic finding in severe emphysema? | Increased lung dimensions, barrel chest, and flattened diaphragm. |
| What is epiglottitis? | A serious, life-threatening inflammation of the epiglottis, most common in children ages 2 to 5. |
| What is a lung neoplasm? | A new growth or tumor in the lungs, which can be benign or malignant. |
| What is the most common benign pulmonary mass? | Hamartoma. |
| What type of lung cancer starts in the bronchi? | Bronchogenic carcinoma. |
| What is the link between cigarette smoking and lung cancer? | Cigarette smoking is linked to about 80% to 90% of all lung cancer deaths. |
| What is occupational lung disease? | Forms of pneumoconiosis arising from occupational exposures, such as mining or sandblasting. |
| What is anthracosis? | A type of pneumoconiosis caused by coal dust deposits in the lungs. |
| What is asbestosis? | A lung disease caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers, leading to pulmonary fibrosis. |
| What is silicosis? | A permanent lung condition caused by inhalation of silica dust, increasing the risk of tuberculosis. |
| What is empyema? | Pleural effusion where the fluid is pus, often due to pneumonia or lung abscess. |
| What is hemothorax? | Pleural effusion where the fluid is blood, commonly caused by trauma or congestive heart failure. |
| What is pleurisy? | Inflammation of the pleura surrounding the lungs, often causing severe pain. |
| What is pneumonia? | Inflammation of the lungs resulting in fluid accumulation and increased radiodensities. |
| What is aspiration pneumonia? | Pneumonia caused by aspiration of foreign objects or food into the lungs. |
| What is bronchopneumonia? | Pneumonia affecting both lungs, commonly caused by Streptococcus or Staphylococcus bacteria. |
| What is pneumothorax? | Accumulation of air in the pleural space causing partial or complete lung collapse. |
| What is pulmonary edema? | Excess fluid in the lungs, often due to congestive heart failure. |
| What is respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)? | An emergent condition where alveoli and capillaries are injured, leading to fluid leakage. |
| What is tuberculosis (TB)? | A contagious disease caused by airborne bacteria that can be potentially fatal. |
| What was the percentage of deaths caused by tuberculosis (TB) at one time? | More than 30% of all deaths. |
| What medical advancements in the 1940s and 1950s nearly eliminated the threat of TB? | Vaccines and antibiotics such as streptomycin. |
| What factors have contributed to the increase in TB occurrence in recent years? | Increased incidence of AIDS, urban overcrowding, and unsanitary conditions. |
| What is primary tuberculosis? | TB that occurs in persons who have never had the disease before. |
| What are common indicators of primary TB? | Hilar enlargement and enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes. |
| What is reactivation (secondary) tuberculosis? | TB that usually develops in adults and is first evident on radiography bilaterally in the upper lobes. |
| What radiographic appearance is typical for reactivation tuberculosis? | Irregular calcifications that are mottled in appearance in the upper lobes. |
| What is the purpose of AP lordotic projections in TB imaging? | To visualize calcifications and cavitations of the apices and upper lobes. |
| What are routine projections in chest radiography? | Commonly taken images on average patients who can cooperate during the procedure. |
| What are special projections in chest radiography? | Additional projections taken to better demonstrate certain pathologic conditions or when the patient cannot fully cooperate. |
| What does a PA projection of the chest demonstrate when performed erect? | Pleural effusion, pneumothorax, atelectasis, and signs of infection. |
| What is the minimum SID for a PA chest projection? | 72 inches (180 cm). |
| What is the recommended field size for a PA chest projection? | 14 x 17 inches (35 x 43 cm). |
| What is the kVp range for chest radiography? | 110-125. |
| What is the patient position for a PA chest projection? | Erect, with feet spread slightly and weight equally distributed. |
| How should the chin be positioned for a PA chest projection? | Chin raised, resting against the image receptor (IR). |
| What is the correct alignment of the midsagittal plane for a PA chest projection? | Aligned with the central ray (CR) and midline of the IR. |
| What should be ensured to prevent rotation of the thorax in a PA chest projection? | Place the midcoronal plane parallel to the IR. |
| Where should the CR be centered for a PA chest projection? | At the level of T7 (7 to 8 inches below the vertebra prominens). |
| What should be included in the anatomy demonstrated in a PA chest radiograph? | Both lungs from apices to costophrenic angles, air-filled trachea, hilum region, heart, and great vessels. |
| What is the evaluation criteria for a PA chest radiograph? | No rotation, equal distance from sternoclavicular joints to spine, and visualizes a minimum of 10 posterior ribs above the diaphragm. |
| What should be done to ensure optimal image receptor exposure in a PA chest projection? | Make exposure at the end of the second full inspiration. |
| What is the significance of ensuring no motion during exposure? | To achieve sharp outlines of rib margins, diaphragm, heart borders, and lung markings. |
| What is the effect of scoliosis and kyphosis on chest radiography? | They may cause asymmetry of sternoclavicular joints and rib cage margins. |
| What is the patient position for a lateral chest projection? | Erect, with the left side against the IR unless the right side is involved. |
| What is the importance of raising the arms during a lateral chest projection? | To prevent superimposition of the arms over the lung fields. |
| What should be done if a portable image receptor is used for a non-ambulatory patient? | Place a pillow or padding on the lap to raise and support the image receptor. |
| What is the recommended position for a true lateral chest X-ray? | The patient should be in a true lateral position with the coronal plane perpendicular and the sagittal plane parallel to the image receptor (IR). |
| Where should the central ray (CR) be directed for a lateral chest X-ray? | The CR should be perpendicular and directed to midthorax at the level of T7, which is 3 to 4 inches (7.5 to 10 cm) below the level of the jugular notch. |
| What is the importance of collimation in chest radiography? | Collimation should be done on four sides to the area of lung fields, with the top border of the light field at the level of the vertebra prominens. |
| When should the exposure be made during chest radiography? | The exposure should be made at the end of the second full inspiration. |
| What adjustments should be made for slender but broad-shouldered patients during a lateral chest X-ray? | The midsagittal plane must be parallel to the IR, and the CR and IR should be lowered a minimum of 1 inch (2.5 cm) from the PA position to prevent cutoff of costophrenic angles. |
| What anatomy should be demonstrated in a lateral chest X-ray? | The entire lungs from apices to costophrenic angles, sternum anteriorly, and posterior ribs and thorax posteriorly. |
| What is the significance of the position of the chin and arms in a lateral chest X-ray? | The chin and arms should be elevated sufficiently to prevent excessive soft tissues from superimposing the apices. |
| What indicates no rotation in a lateral chest X-ray? | The posterior ribs and costophrenic angle on the side away from the IR should be projected slightly posterior due to divergent rays. |
| What is the ideal exposure quality for a lateral chest radiograph? | There should be no motion, with sharp outlines of the diaphragm and lung markings, and optimal image receptor exposure with sufficient contrast. |
| What should be done regarding shielding during chest radiography? | Follow local regulations, department policy, and protocol in the use of shielding. |
| How should a patient be positioned on a cart for a lateral chest X-ray? | The patient should be seated on the cart with legs over the edge, arms crossed above the head or holding onto arm support, and chin extended upward. |
| What is the recommended positioning for a patient in a wheelchair for a lateral chest X-ray? | Remove armrests if possible, turn the patient to a lateral position as close to the IR as possible, and have the patient lean forward with arms raised above the head. |
| What is the minimum SID (Source to Image Distance) for chest radiography? | The minimum SID is 72 inches (180 cm). |
| What is the recommended field size for chest radiography? | The recommended field size is 14 x 17 inches (35 x 43 cm), in portrait orientation. |
| What kVp range is recommended for chest radiography? | The kVp range is 110-125. |
| What is the purpose of the AP projection in chest radiography? | It demonstrates pathology involving the lungs, diaphragm, and mediastinum. |
| What is required to determine air-fluid levels in chest radiography? | A completely erect position with a horizontal CR is required. |
| What should be done if a patient cannot sit completely erect for a chest X-ray? | The head end of the cart can be raised as nearly erect as possible with a radiolucent support behind the back. |
| What is the positioning requirement for a semierect chest X-ray? | The patient should be supine on the cart with the head end raised into a semierect position, or seated erect with legs over the edge. |
| What is the correct CR angle for an AP chest X-ray? | The CR should be angled caudad to be perpendicular to the long axis of the sternum, generally requiring a +5° caudad angle. |
| What should be included in the evaluation criteria for chest radiographs? | The entire lungs, including apices, costophrenic angles, and lateral borders of ribs, should be included with no rotation and optimal contrast. |
| What is the significance of the patient's arms in a lateral decubitus position? | The patient's arms should be raised above the head to clear the lung field and prevent superimposition. |
| What should be done to ensure accurate CR alignment for large or hypersthenic patients? | Crosswise IR placement is recommended to minimize the chance of lateral cutoff. |
| What should be done to demonstrate possible pleural effusion in a decubitus position? | The suspected side should be down to ensure that fluid levels are visible. |
| What is the proper way to indicate the side of the body in a radiograph? | The anatomic side marker must correspond with the patient's left or right side and should be placed on the IR before exposure. |
| What is the purpose of using a horizontal beam in a decubitus position? | A horizontal beam is necessary to show air-fluid levels or pneumothorax. |
| What should be ensured regarding the thorax during positioning? | The midcoronal plane should be parallel to the IR to prevent rotation. |
| What is the evaluation criterion for motion in a chest radiograph? | There should be no motion; diaphragm, rib, and heart borders and lung markings should appear sharp. |
| What is the significance of the clavicles in an AP chest X-ray? | The clavicles should be in the same horizontal plane with an unobstructed view of the apical region. |
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