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c and t spine
bontrager
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the primary function of the vertebral column? | To provide a flexible supporting column for the trunk and head and transmit the weight of the trunk and upper body to the lower limbs. |
| What are the two types of curvatures in the vertebral column? | Concave (lordotic) and convex (kyphotic). |
| What is scoliosis? | An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. |
| What are the characteristics of dextroscoliosis? | An exaggerated curvature of the spine to the right. |
| What are the characteristics of levoscoliosis? | An exaggerated curvature of the spine to the left. |
| What is the average number of cervical vertebrae in an adult? | Seven cervical vertebrae. |
| How many thoracic vertebrae are there? | Twelve thoracic vertebrae. |
| What is the largest and strongest section of the vertebral column? | The lumbar vertebrae. |
| What is the function of intervertebral disks? | To cushion and provide stability between vertebrae while allowing flexibility and movement. |
| What is the spinal canal? | A tubelike structure that contains the spinal cord and cerebrospinal fluid. |
| Where does the spinal cord begin? | Below the medulla oblongata of the brain. |
| What is the conus medullaris? | The tapered end of the spinal cord, typically located at the lower border of the first lumbar vertebra. |
| At what level is a lumbar puncture commonly performed? | At the level of L3-L4. |
| What is lordosis? | An abnormal exaggerated lumbar curvature with increased concavity (swayback). |
| What is kyphosis? | An abnormal exaggerated thoracic curvature with increased convexity. |
| What are the five sections of the vertebral column? | Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx. |
| How many separate bones are in the vertebral column of a young child? | An average of 33 separate bones. |
| What happens to the number of bones in the sacrum and coccyx as a person matures? | They fuse into a single sacrum and a single coccyx, resulting in an average of 26 separate bones in adults. |
| What is the significance of the cervical curvature? | It is the first compensatory curve that develops as children begin to raise their heads. |
| What is the significance of the lumbar curvature? | It is the second compensatory curve that develops when children learn to walk. |
| What are the typical characteristics of cervical vertebrae? | They are smaller and have unique features such as transverse foramina. |
| What connects the thoracic vertebrae? | Each thoracic vertebra connects to a pair of ribs. |
| What is the average number of coccygeal segments in a newborn? | From three to five segments, averaging four. |
| What is the posterior aspect of the bony trunk of the body? | The vertebral column. |
| What is the term for the normal compensatory concave curvature of the cervical and lumbar spine? | Lordotic curvature. |
| What is the term for the normal primary convex curvature of the thoracic and sacral region? | Kyphotic curvature. |
| What is the lumbar curvature? | The second compensatory concave curve that develops when children learn to walk. |
| Which curves are usually more pronounced in women than in men? | The lumbar and sacral (pelvic) curves. |
| What is the function of the primary and compensatory curvatures of the spine? | They increase the strength of the vertebral column and help maintain balance along the center line of gravity. |
| What does the term lordosis refer to? | An abnormal anterior concavity of the lumbar spine. |
| Define kyphosis. | An abnormal condition characterized by increased convexity of the thoracic spine curvature. |
| What are the two main parts of a typical vertebra? | The body and the vertebral arch. |
| What is the function of the vertebral foramen? | It contains the spinal cord. |
| What are pedicles in the context of vertebral anatomy? | They are extensions that form most of the sides of the vertebral arch. |
| What are laminae? | Flat layers of bone that form the posterior part of the vertebral arch. |
| What is the spinous process? | The most posterior extension of the vertebra, extending from the midline junction of the two laminae. |
| What are transverse processes? | Projections extending laterally from the junction of each pedicle and lamina. |
| What are zygapophyseal joints? | Joints formed by the articulating surfaces of the superior and inferior articular processes. |
| What is the role of intervertebral disks? | They provide stability and allow flexibility and movement of the vertebral column. |
| What is the intervertebral foramen? | An opening formed by the alignment of the superior and inferior vertebral notches, allowing passage for spinal nerves and blood vessels. |
| What are the components of an intervertebral disk? | The annulus fibrosus (outer fibrous portion) and the nucleus pulposus (soft inner part). |
| What happens when the nucleus pulposus protrudes through the annulus fibrosus? | It can press on the spinal cord, causing severe pain and numbness in the limbs. |
| What type of joint are intervertebral joints classified as? | Amphiarthrodial joints. |
| How many articular processes does a typical vertebra have? | Four articular processes: two superior and two inferior. |
| What is the significance of the vertebral column in respiration? | It serves as a pivot point for the archlike movement of the ribs. |
| What is the typical structure of a vertebra? | It consists of two pedicles, two laminae, a vertebral arch, a vertebral foramen, two transverse processes, one spinous process, and a large anterior body. |
| What is the typical view of the vertebral body? | It is the thick, weight-bearing anterior part of the vertebra. |
| What is the role of costal joints? | They articulate the ribs with the transverse processes and vertebral bodies in the thoracic region. |
| What is the function of the spinal canal? | It encloses and protects the spinal cord formed by the succession of vertebral foramina. |
| What is the typical adult vertebrae separated by? | Tough fibrocartilaginous disks, except between the first and second cervical vertebrae. |
| What is the importance of the superior and inferior vertebral notches? | They align to form the intervertebral foramen, allowing passage for spinal nerves and blood vessels. |
| What is the anterior view of the vertebral arch? | It includes the body, pedicles, laminae, and articular processes. |
| What condition is also known as a slipped disk? | Herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) |
| What symptoms can occur when the inner part of a vertebral disk protrudes? | Severe pain and numbness radiating into the upper or lower limbs. |
| What are the unique characteristics of cervical vertebrae? | Transverse foramina, bifid spinous process tips, and overlapping vertebral bodies. |
| What is the first cervical vertebra called? | Atlas (C1) |
| What is the second cervical vertebra called? | Axis (C2) |
| What is the vertebra prominens? | The seventh cervical vertebra, which has features of thoracic vertebrae. |
| What is the function of the transverse foramina in cervical vertebrae? | They allow the passage of the vertebral artery, veins, and certain nerves. |
| How are the zygapophyseal joints of cervical vertebrae oriented? | At right angles (90°) to the midsagittal plane. |
| What is the clinical significance of the relationship between C1 and C2? | Injury at this level can result in serious paralysis and death. |
| What is the angle of the intervertebral foramina in cervical vertebrae? | They are situated at a 45° angle to the midsagittal plane. |
| What is the role of the articular pillar in cervical vertebrae? | It provides support between the superior and inferior articular processes. |
| What is the typical shape of cervical vertebral bodies? | Small and oblong, with the anterior edge slightly more inferior. |
| What is the purpose of the bifid tips on the spinous processes of cervical vertebrae? | They are a unique characteristic typical of cervical vertebrae. |
| What projection is used to visualize the atlantoaxial joints between C1 and C2? | AP open mouth projection. |
| What is the median atlantoaxial joint? | A pivot joint located between the odontoid process and the anterior arch of C1. |
| What happens to the symmetry of the atlantoaxial joints with improper positioning? | It can render the areas asymmetric, mimicking an injury. |
| What is the anterior arch of C1? | A thick arch of bone that lacks a body, including a small anterior tubercle. |
| What is the odontoid process? | Also known as the dens, it is part of the second cervical vertebra (C2). |
| What are the atlantooccipital joints? | Articulations between C1 and the occipital condyles of the skull. |
| What is required to demonstrate cervical intervertebral foramina radiographically? | A 45° oblique position combined with a 15° to 20° cephalad angle of the x-ray beam. |
| What is the significance of the transverse atlantal ligament? | It holds the odontoid process in place. |
| What is the typical view of a cervical vertebra from above? | The transverse processes are small and arise from both the pedicle and the body. |
| What is the relationship of the spinous process in typical cervical vertebrae? | The spinous processes of C2 through C6 are short and end in bifid tips. |
| What is the clinical importance of the cervical vertebrae's unique features? | They are essential for proper radiographic positioning and understanding spinal injuries. |
| What is the purpose of the cervical articular processes? | They facilitate articulation between adjacent cervical vertebrae. |
| What is the anatomical position of the cervical intervertebral foramina? | They open anteriorly and are directed at a 15° to 20° inferior angle. |
| What does the term 'bifid' refer to in the context of cervical vertebrae? | The double-pointed tips of the spinous processes. |
| What are the lateral masses of C1? | Segments of bone between the superior and inferior articular processes that support the weight of the head and assist in rotation. |
| What happens to the odontoid process during development? | It is actually the body of C1, which fuses to C2 during development. |
| What is the primary function of the odontoid process? | It acts as a pivot for the rotation of the head between C1 and C2. |
| What type of injury can cause a fracture of the dens? | Severe stress from forced flexion-hyperextension, commonly known as whiplash. |
| What are the characteristics of the thoracic vertebrae? | Marked progressive differences in size and appearance, with upper vertebrae resembling cervical vertebrae and lower ones resembling lumbar vertebrae. |
| What is a key feature of all thoracic vertebrae? | Facets for articulation with ribs. |
| What are costovertebral joints? | Joints formed by the articulation of rib heads with the facets or demifacets of thoracic vertebrae. |
| How do the facets of thoracic vertebrae differ from those of cervical and lumbar vertebrae? | Thoracic zygapophyseal joints form an angle of 70° to 75° from the midsagittal plane. |
| What is the role of costotransverse joints? | Articulations between the tubercles of ribs 1 through 10 and the transverse processes of the first 10 thoracic vertebrae. |
| What distinguishes T1 from T2-T8 in terms of rib articulation? | T1 has a full facet and a demifacet, while T2-T8 have demifacets on their upper and lower margins. |
| Which thoracic vertebrae do not have facets for rib articulations? | T11 and T12. |
| What is the movement type of costovertebral joints? | Plane (gliding) synovial joints. |
| What type of joint is the zygapophyseal joint? | Synovial diarthrodial joint allowing plane (gliding) movement. |
| What anatomical structures define intervertebral foramina? | Defined by the superior and inferior margins of the pedicles. |
| What is the significance of the spinous process in thoracic vertebrae? | It projects inferiorly, often superimposing on the body of the vertebra below in radiographic views. |
| What is the classification of intervertebral joints? | Cartilaginous (symphysis) and amphiarthrodial (slightly movable). |
| What happens to rib 1 in terms of articulation? | It articulates only with T1. |
| How do ribs 11 and 12 articulate? | They articulate only with T11 and T12 at the costovertebral joints. |
| What are demifacets? | Partial facets on thoracic vertebrae that accept the head of a rib for articulation. |
| What is the movement type of costotransverse joints? | Plane (gliding) synovial joints. |
| What is the anatomical position of the superior articular processes in thoracic vertebrae? | They face primarily posteriorly. |
| What is the anatomical position of the inferior articular processes in thoracic vertebrae? | They face more anteriorly. |
| What is the role of synovial capsules in rib articulations? | They enclose the joints and allow slight gliding movements. |
| What is the significance of the superior cross-sectional view of rib articulations? | It shows the closely spaced articulations enclosed in synovial capsules. |
| What is the relationship between the thoracic vertebrae and rib distribution? | The facet arrangement allows prediction of rib distribution based on vertebral levels. |
| What is the orientation of the intervertebral foramina on the thoracic vertebrae? | They are located at right angles, or 90°, to the midsagittal plane. |
| What type of joints are the lateral atlantoaxial joints between C1 and C2? | They are classified as synovial joints with diarthrodial, or freely movable, plane (or gliding) movements. |
| What is the classification of the medial atlantoaxial joint? | It is a synovial joint that allows a pivotal rotational movement, classified as diarthrodial with a pivot (trochoid) type of movement. |
| How can the first thoracic vertebra (T1) be identified on an AP cervical spine image? | By locating the most superior ribs and finding the vertebra to which they connect. |
| What is the significance of the spinous process of C7? | It is long and prominent, making it easy to identify on radiographic images. |
| What is the typical angle of the central ray (CR) for an AP cervical spine projection? | The CR should be angled approximately 15° to 20° cephalad (toward the head). |
| What anatomical structures obscure the first two cervical vertebrae on an AP projection? | The combined shadows of the base of the skull and mandible. |
| What is the primary purpose of a lateral cervical spine radiograph? | To demonstrate all seven cervical vertebrae and their alignment with T1. |
| What are the distinguishing features of cervical vertebrae? | All cervical vertebrae have three foramina each and more dominant articular pillars. |
| What feature distinguishes C1 (atlas) from other cervical vertebrae? | C1 has no body but has anterior and posterior arches. |
| What is the distinguishing feature of C7 (vertebra prominens)? | It has a long spinous process that is easily identifiable. |
| What is the significance of the zygapophyseal joints in the cervical spine? | They provide important information concerning the relationship of consecutive vertebrae. |
| What is the best position to visualize the zygapophyseal joints? | The lateral position. |
| What is the best position to demonstrate the intervertebral foramina? | The posterior oblique position with a 45° rotation. |
| What is the relationship between the LPO position and the intervertebral foramina? | The LPO position opens up the foramina on the right side. |
| What anatomical structures are best visualized in a lateral thoracic spine image? | The intervertebral foramina between T11 and T12. |
| How can individual thoracic vertebrae be identified on an AP projection? | Through visual cues provided by the posterior rib articulations. |
| What are the distinguishing features of thoracic vertebrae? | They contain facets for rib articulations and have short spinous processes with bifid tips. |
| What is the typical appearance of the lower anterior margins of cervical vertebral bodies? | They have a slightly lipped appearance. |
| What anatomical feature does the odontoid process (dens) extend through? | The anterior arch of C1. |
| What is the purpose of counting from T1 to identify cervical vertebrae? | To accurately locate and identify specific cervical vertebrae on radiographic images. |
| What is the classification of the joints between C2 and C6? | They are classified as synovial joints with diarthrodial movements. |
| What anatomical structure is located between the odontoid process of C2 and the anterior arch of C1? | The medial atlantoaxial joint. |
| What is the role of the transverse atlantal ligament? | It holds the odontoid process in place between C1 and C2. |
| What is the primary challenge in obtaining a lateral cervical spine radiograph? | It is difficult in patients with thick, muscular, or wide shoulders and short necks. |
| What is the typical appearance of the first rib? | It has a distinctive sharp curvature and attaches to T1. |
| What is the significance of the intervertebral foramina? | They transmit spinal nerves to and from the spinal cord. |
| What is the required angle for an anterior oblique position in cervical spine radiography? | A 15° to 20° caudad angle. |
| What anatomy is best demonstrated in the lateral position of the cervical spine? | The zygapophyseal joints. |
| In an oblique cervical spine projection, which foramina are opened? | Only one set of foramina; the opposite side's foramina are closed. |
| What does LPO stand for in cervical spine positioning? | Left Posterior Oblique. |
| Which foramina are visualized in an LPO position? | The right intervertebral foramina. |
| What is the CR angle for visualizing the upside foramina in cervical spine radiography? | 15° to 20° cephalad. |
| What is the CR angle for visualizing the downside foramina in cervical spine radiography? | 15° to 20° caudad. |
| What is the best position to visualize the intervertebral foramina of the thoracic spine? | Lateral position. |
| What oblique angle is necessary to open up the zygapophyseal joints on the thoracic spine? | 70° oblique. |
| In a posterior oblique position of the thoracic spine, what is visualized? | The zygapophyseal joint on the upside. |
| What does RPO stand for in thoracic spine positioning? | Right Posterior Oblique. |
| What is the significance of the vertebra prominens in cervical spine radiography? | It helps locate C7 and T1. |
| Where is the jugular notch located in relation to the thoracic spine? | At the level of T2 and T3. |
| What is the level of T1 in relation to the jugular notch? | About 1.5 inches (4 cm) superior to the jugular notch. |
| What landmark corresponds to the level of C5? | The prominent part of the thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple). |
| What is the approximate center of the 12 thoracic vertebrae? | The level of T7. |
| What is the level of the xiphoid process? | At the level of T9-T10. |
| What is the purpose of using topographic landmarks in radiographic positioning? | To provide palpable reference points for accurate positioning. |
| What is the recommended patient position for cervical spine radiography? | Erect position to demonstrate alignment and ligament stability. |
| What is the relationship between the angle of the mandible and cervical vertebrae? | The angle of the mandible (gonion) is at the same level as C3. |
| What type of oblique position would demonstrate the left zygapophyseal joints? | Left Anterior Oblique (LAO). |
| What does the term 'zygapophyseal joints' refer to? | The joints located between the articular pillars of each vertebra. |
| What is the visual difference between a lateral and oblique radiograph of the thoracic spine? | Lateral shows intervertebral foramina; oblique shows zygapophyseal joints. |
| What is the key difference in visualization between LPO and RPO positions? | LPO visualizes right zygapophyseal joints; RPO visualizes left zygapophyseal joints. |
| What anatomical structure is located at the level of C1? | The mastoid process. |
| What is the significance of the sternal angle in thoracic spine anatomy? | It is about 2 inches (5 cm) inferior to the jugular notch and corresponds to T4 and T5. |
| What is the recommended source-image receptor distance (SID) for lateral and oblique projections of the spine? | 72 inches (180 cm) |
| What position is required for scoliosis examinations during radiography? | Erect position |
| How can exposure to radiosensitive tissues be minimized during cervical and thoracic spine radiography? | By using close collimation, proper exposure factors, and minimizing repeats. |
| What is the kVp range for cervical spine radiography? | 70 to 85 kVp |
| What is the kVp range for thoracic spine radiography? | 75 to 90 kVp |
| What technique is used to blur structures that overlie the thoracic vertebrae during imaging? | Orthostatic (breathing) technique |
| What is the purpose of using a small focal spot in radiography? | To improve spatial resolution. |
| What is the anode heel effect in radiography? | It refers to the variation in intensity of the x-ray beam, allowing better exposure of thinner anatomical parts. |
| What are compensating filters used for in thoracic spine radiography? | To equalize density along an AP thoracic spine projection. |
| What is the minimum SID for cervical spine radiographs? | 40 inches (100 cm) |
| What is the effect of scatter radiation on radiographic images? | It degrades the quality of the image. |
| How can scatter radiation be minimized during lateral radiography? | By using close collimation, lead blockers, and physical or virtual grids. |
| When is a grid unnecessary in cervical spine radiography? | When the patient's neck measures less than 4 inches (10 cm). |
| What is the importance of correct part-IR alignment in spine radiography? | The beam must pass through specific anatomic structures for accurate imaging. |
| What are the two primary concerns in pediatric radiography? | Patient motion and patient radiation dose. |
| What should be done to ensure safety from falls in pediatric patients during radiography? | Continuously watch and care for pediatric patients. |
| What special considerations are needed for geriatric patients in radiography? | They may require additional assistance, time, and patience. |
| What communication strategies can improve understanding in geriatric patients? | Avoid background noise, face the patient, gain their attention, and use clear instructions. |
| What is the recommended exposure time for orthostatic techniques in thoracic spine imaging? | A minimum of 3 to 4 seconds. |
| What is the role of lead contact shielding in radiography? | To reduce radiation dose to gonads and other radiosensitive areas. |
| What is the effect of using higher kVp in thick or dense tissue? | It results in increased production of scatter radiation. |
| What should be done to maintain optimal patient positioning during lateral thoracic positioning? | Place a radiolucent sponge under the patient's waist. |
| What is the significance of using gonadal shielding in radiography? | It is a good practice for radiation dose reduction when clinically practical. |
| What is the impact of increased object-image receptor distance (OID) on spinal imaging? | It results in magnification of spinal anatomy. |
| What is the purpose of using a compensating strategy in thoracic spine radiography? | To address the range of vertebral sizes and surrounding tissues. |
| What is the recommended practice when using virtual grid software during imaging processing? | No physical grid is necessary. |
| What should be done to reduce patient motion during pediatric radiography? | Use a short exposure time with optimal mA and kVp. |
| How can the thyroid dose be reduced during cervical and thoracic spine oblique radiography? | By positioning the patient in an anterior oblique position. |
| What technique can improve communication with a patient who has significant hearing loss? | Use a lowered voice with increased volume. |
| How can you verify a geriatric patient's understanding of instructions? | Ask the patient to repeat the instructions. |
| What should be prioritized when treating geriatric patients? | Always treat them with dignity and respect. |
| What safety concerns are associated with geriatric patients? | Changes in balance and coordination can lead to dizziness, vertigo, and increased risk of falling. |
| What assistance should be provided to geriatric patients for safety? | Assist them to get onto and off the radiographic table, change position, and sit down. |
| What skin changes occur in geriatric patients? | Skin becomes thinner, more easily torn, and prone to bleeding and bruising. |
| What precautions should be taken when handling geriatric patients? | Use special care when holding or moving them and avoid using adhesive tape. |
| What is a recommended method to minimize skin damage during imaging? | Use a radiolucent pad on the examination table. |
| Why might older patients require extra pillows during imaging? | Patients with exaggerated kyphosis may need extra support for comfort. |
| What adjustments may be necessary for imaging geriatric patients with osteoporosis? | Decrease kVp and/or mAs if manual exposure factors are used. |
| What is the recommended exposure time for older patients during imaging? | Use short exposure times to reduce the risk of motion. |
| What challenges do bariatric patients present during imaging? | Additional tissue density may require an increase in technical factors. |
| What technical adjustments may be necessary for bariatric patients? | Increase kVp for better penetration and adjust mA and time while following ALARA principles. |
| What is the purpose of tight collimation during imaging? | To reduce scatter radiation exposure to the image receptor. |
| What is myelography? | A radiographic procedure to evaluate lesions in the spinal canal using water-soluble iodinated contrast. |
| To evaluate spinal trauma such as fractures, subluxations, and herniated disks. | What is the primary use of CT scans in spinal imaging? |
| It shows soft tissue structures associated with the spine, such as intervertebral disks and ligaments. | What does MRI demonstrate in relation to the spine? |
| It indicates areas of increased bone activity due to conditions like tumors or infections. | What is the significance of a 'hot spot' in nuclear medicine scans? |
| An avulsion fracture on the spinous processes of C6 through T1 caused by hyperflexion of the neck. | What is a clay shoveler's fracture? |
| A collapse of a vertebral body often associated with osteoporosis, resulting from flexion or axial loading. | What is a compression fracture and its common cause? |
| The vertebral body appears rotated on its axis, creating a bowtie artifact on the lateral cervical spine image. | What is the radiographic appearance of a unilateral subluxation? |
| A fracture that extends through the pedicles of C2, possibly with subluxation of C2 on C3. | What is a hangman's fracture? |
| To ensure accurate processing, reduce scatter exposure, and follow ALARA principles. | What is the role of digital imaging guidelines? |
| To verify optimum image quality with the least radiation to the patient. | What is the importance of evaluating the exposure indicator? |
| A lateral projection of the cervical spine. | What imaging technique demonstrates a Hangman's fracture? |
| A condition where the soft inner part of an intervertebral disk protrudes through the outer layer, potentially pressing on the spinal cord or nerves. | What is Herniated Nucleus Pulposus (HNP)? |
| Slipped disk. | What is another name for Herniated Nucleus Pulposus? |
| Levels L4 through L5. | Which vertebrae are most commonly affected by Herniated Nucleus Pulposus? |
| A comminuted fracture of C1 caused by axial loading, such as landing on the head. | What is a Jefferson fracture? |
| AP open mouth projection and lateral cervical spine projections. | What imaging techniques can demonstrate a Jefferson fracture? |
| Compression fractures in osteoporotic patients, poor posture, rickets, or diseases like Scheuermann disease. | What can cause Kyphosis? |
| A fracture involving the dens of C2 that may extend into the lateral masses or arches of C1. | What is an Odontoid fracture? |
| AP open mouth projection. | What imaging technique is used to demonstrate an Odontoid fracture? |
| A type of arthritis characterized by degeneration of one or more joints, including bony sclerosis and cartilage degeneration. | What is Osteoarthritis? |
| A condition characterized by loss of bone mass, increasing the risk of fractures. | What is Osteoporosis? |
| Age, immobilization, long-term steroid therapy, and menopause. | What factors can increase the risk of Osteoporosis? |
| A disease of unknown origin that begins in adolescence, resulting in abnormal spinal curvature of kyphosis and scoliosis. | What is Scheuermann disease? |
| It may complicate cardiac and respiratory function. | What complications can arise from severe Scoliosis? |
| Inflammation of the vertebrae. | What is Spondylitis? |
| A condition characterized by neck stiffness due to age-related degeneration of intervertebral disks. | What is Spondylosis? |
| A fracture caused by compression with hyperflexion in the cervical region, resulting in comminuted vertebral body. | What is a Teardrop burst fracture? |
| An incidental finding where a vertebra takes on characteristics of an adjacent region of the spine. | What is a Transitional vertebra? |
| A fracture that results in a wedge-shaped vertebral body due to axial loading. | What is a Compression fracture? |
| AP and lateral views of the affected spine, along with CT or MR. | What is the typical imaging for diagnosing Herniated Nucleus Pulposus? |
| Lateral thoracic spine projection. | What is the recommended imaging for diagnosing Kyphosis? |
| Erect PA-AP and lateral projections, including lateral bending. | What is the recommended imaging for diagnosing Scoliosis? |
| It is a low-dose imaging modality for measuring the degree of osteoporosis. | What is the significance of bone densitometry? |
| Pathology involving C1 and C2, including fractures and adjacent soft tissue structures. | What are the clinical indications for imaging C1 and C2? |
| To ensure a line from the lower margin of upper incisors to the base of the skull is perpendicular to the table and/or IR. | What is the purpose of adjusting the head for the AP open mouth projection? |
| No rotation of the head or thorax should exist. | What should be ensured regarding the patient's head and thorax during the AP open mouth projection? |
| The mouth should be wide open. | What is the recommended position of the mouth during exposure for the AP open mouth projection? |
| The CR should be perpendicular to the IR and directed through the center of the open mouth. | What should be done to the CR during the AP open mouth projection? |
| Collimate on four sides to the anatomy of interest. | What is the recommended collimation for the AP open mouth projection? |
| Suspend respiration. | What should be done with the patient's respiration during the AP open mouth projection? |
| To prevent the tongue's shadow from superimposing the atlas and axis. | What is the significance of keeping the tongue in the lower jaw during the AP open mouth projection? |
| Perform the Fuchs or Judd method. | What should be performed if the upper odontoid process cannot be demonstrated? |
| Inflammation of the vertebrae. | What does spondylitis refer to? |
| A type of spondylitis that leads to the fusion of vertebrae. | What is ankylosing spondylitis? |
| Pathology involving the mid and lower cervical spine, such as clay shoveler's fracture and degenerative disease. | What are the clinical indications for the AP axial projection of the cervical spine? |
| 40 inches (100 cm). | What is the minimum SID recommended for cervical spine imaging? |
| 8 x 10 inches (18 x 24 cm) or 10 x 12 inches (24 x 30 cm), portrait. | What is the recommended field size for cervical spine projections? |
| 70-85 kVp. | What is the kVp range for cervical spine imaging? |
| Angle the CR 15° to 20° cephalad. | What should be done to the CR for the AP axial projection when the patient is supine? |
| Arms should be by the sides. | What should be ensured regarding the position of the patient's arms during cervical spine imaging? |
| To ensure proper positioning and alignment for accurate imaging. | What is the purpose of aligning the midsagittal plane to the CR during cervical spine imaging? |
| C3 to T2 vertebral bodies and intervertebral disk spaces should be clearly seen with no rotation. | What is the evaluation criteria for the AP axial projection of the cervical spine? |
| Protract the chin. | What should be done to prevent the mandible from superimposing the vertebrae during oblique projections? |
| It directs the beam between overlapping cervical vertebral bodies to better demonstrate intervertebral disk spaces. | What is the significance of the 15° to 20° angulation of the CR in oblique projections? |
| Place arms as needed to help maintain position. | What should be done if the patient is in a recumbent position during cervical spine imaging? |
| For comparison purposes. | What is the importance of using both right and left oblique projections? |
| Odontoid process (dens), vertebral body of C2, lateral masses, transverse processes of C1, and atlantoaxial joints. | What anatomical structures should be clearly demonstrated in the AP open mouth projection? |
| Place the patient in a supine position on a stretcher or radiographic table. | What is the recommended patient position for cervical spine imaging? |
| 45° oblique position. | What angle should the body and head be rotated into for oblique cervical spine imaging? |
| To prevent the mandible from superimposing the vertebrae. | What is the purpose of protracting the chin during cervical spine imaging? |
| 15° to 20° caudad to C4. | What is the central ray (CR) direction for anterior oblique positions? |
| 15° to 20° cephalad to C4. | What is the central ray (CR) direction for posterior oblique positions? |
| Center the IR to the CR. | What should be done to the image receptor (IR) during cervical spine imaging? |
| Collimate on four sides to the anatomy of interest. | What is the recommended collimation for cervical spine imaging? |
| Suspend respiration on full expiration for maximum shoulder depression. | When should respiration be suspended during cervical spine imaging? |
| Intervertebral foramina and pedicles on the side of the patient closest to the IR. | What anatomical structures should be demonstrated in anterior oblique positions? |
| Intervertebral foramina and pedicles on the side of the patient farthest from the IR. | What anatomical structures should be demonstrated in posterior oblique positions? |
| On-end pedicles aligned at the midline of the cervical body and visualization of zygapophyseal joints. | What indicates over-rotation in cervical spine imaging? |
| Obscured intervertebral foramina and pedicles. | What indicates under-rotation in cervical spine imaging? |
| Clear demonstration of soft tissue margins and bony margins with no motion. | What is the optimal image receptor exposure for cervical spine imaging? |
| 60-72 inches (150 to 180 cm). | What is the SID (Source to Image Distance) range for cervical spine imaging? |
| 10 x 12 inches (24 x 30 cm), portrait. | What is the recommended field size for cervical spine imaging? |
| 70-85 kVp. | What kVp range is recommended for cervical spine imaging? |
| To evaluate pathology involving the cervical spine, such as fractures and subluxation. | What is the clinical indication for performing a lateral horizontal beam for trauma patients? |
| Obtain additional images, such as the cervicothoracic lateral. | What should be done if the upper margin of T1 is not demonstrated in cervical spine imaging? |
| To prevent further injury until evaluated by a physician. | What is the importance of not moving the head or neck of a trauma patient during imaging? |
| Traction on arms or adding weights with straps suspended from each wrist. | What should be done to help depress the shoulders during cervical spine imaging? |
| Do not manipulate or move the head or neck if a cervical collar is present. | What should be avoided when positioning the patient for cervical spine imaging? |
| Cervical vertebral bodies, intervertebral joint spaces, articular pillars, spinous processes, and zygapophyseal joints. | What anatomical structures should be visualized in a lateral position of the cervical spine? |
| They should be superimposed for each vertebra to ensure proper alignment. | What is the significance of the zygapophyseal joints in cervical spine imaging? |
| Clear demonstration of soft tissue margins and trabecular markings of cervical vertebrae. | What does optimal image receptor exposure and contrast allow in cervical spine imaging? |
| Protract the chin. | What should be done to prevent superimposition of the mandible on upper vertebrae? |
| To improve image quality by reducing scatter radiation, especially at higher kVp ranges. | What is the purpose of using a grid in cervical spine imaging? |
| To visualize the inferior cervical spine, superior thoracic spine, and adjacent soft tissue structures. | What is the purpose of the swimmer's lateral view in cervical spine imaging? |
| SID of 60-72 inches, field size of 10 x 12 inches, and kVp range of 75-95. | What technical factors are recommended for the swimmer's lateral view? |
| Erect or recumbent, with the arm closest to the image receptor (IR) raised. | What is the patient position for the swimmer's lateral view? |
| Perpendicular to the IR, directed to T1, approximately 1 inch above the jugular notch. | What is the central ray (CR) direction for the swimmer's lateral view? |
| Suspend respiration on full expiration. | What is the respiration instruction for the swimmer's lateral view? |
| Vertebral bodies and intervertebral disk spaces of C5 to T3. | What anatomical structures should be demonstrated in the swimmer's lateral view? |
| To demonstrate anteroposterior vertebral mobility and assess for whiplash injuries. | What is the purpose of the hyperflexion and hyperextension lateral views of the cervical spine? |
| SID of 60-72 inches, field size of 10 x 12 inches, and kVp range of 70-85. | What are the recommended technical factors for hyperflexion and hyperextension views? |
| Erect lateral position with arms at sides. | What is the patient position for hyperflexion and hyperextension views? |
| Perpendicular to the IR, directed to C4. | What is the CR direction for hyperflexion and hyperextension views? |
| Depress the chin until it touches the chest. | What should be done to ensure accurate positioning during hyperflexion? |
| Raise the chin and tilt the head back as much as possible. | What should be done to ensure accurate positioning during hyperextension? |
| C1 through C7 should be included, with no rotation indicated by superimposition of mandibular rami. | What is the evaluation criteria for hyperflexion and hyperextension views? |
| To demonstrate the superior portion of the dens when not well visualized on the AP open mouth projection. | What is the purpose of the Fuchs method in cervical spine imaging? |
| Minimum SID of 40 inches, field size of 8 x 10 inches, and kVp range of 70-85. | What are the technical factors for the Fuchs method? |
| Supine with the chin elevated to bring the mentomeatal line (MML) near perpendicular to the tabletop. | What is the patient position for the Fuchs method? |
| Parallel to the MML, directed to the inferior tip of the mandible. | What is the CR direction for the Fuchs method? |
| To visualize the odontoid process (dens) and surrounding structures of C1 to C2. | What is the purpose of the Judd method in cervical spine imaging? |
| Prone with the chin resting on the tabletop. | What is the patient position for the Judd method? |
| Parallel to the MML, through the midoccipital bone, about 1 inch inferior to the mastoid tips. | What is the CR direction for the Judd method? |
| To obtain an AP moving or 'wagging jaw' projection of the cervical spine. | What is the purpose of the Ottonello method in cervical spine imaging? |
| Supine with arms at side and head on table surface. | What is the patient position for the Ottonello method? |
| The mandible must be in continuous motion during exposure without moving the head. | What is the key positioning requirement for the Ottonello method? |
| Perpendicular to the IR, directed to C4. | What is the CR direction for the Ottonello method? |
| C1 to C7 vertebral bodies should be demonstrated with a blurred mandible. | What is the evaluation criteria for the Ottonello method? |
| To limit exposure to surrounding tissues and improve image quality. | What is the importance of collimation in cervical spine imaging? |
| Use appropriate kVp settings and ensure proper positioning. | What should be done to ensure optimal image receptor exposure? |
| To minimize motion artifacts and improve image clarity. | What is the significance of suspending respiration during cervical spine imaging? |
| Pathology involving fractures, subluxation, and assessment of vertebral mobility. | What are the clinical indications for cervical spine imaging? |
| To achieve accurate anatomical representation and diagnostic quality. | What is the importance of ensuring no rotation during cervical spine imaging? |
| To obtain uniform receptor exposure across varying tissue densities. | What is the role of compensating filters in cervical spine imaging? |
| Use an orthostatic (breathing) technique with low mA and longer exposure time. | What is the recommended technique for patients who cannot remain still during exposure? |
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